---

餓死抬頭 是這樣的

最近核三終於停機了 而且跟美國買進的天然氣好像將要變成往年的3倍份量

[新聞] 現有採購量3倍！美國官員宣布台灣每年買美國600噸天然氣
#1e8npVgQ (Gossiping)

然後聽說興達燃煤電廠最近又重出江湖開始發電發熱了耶www

[爆卦] 興達燃煤電廠又偷開機了
#1eBelYVh (Gossiping)

一時興起就上網翻翻看關於LNG的消息 結果意外發現這篇康乃爾大學的校內新聞記事

Liquefied natural gas carbon footprint is worse than coal
https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2024/10/liquefied-natural-gas-carbon-footprint-worse-coal
https://reurl.cc/nmAk4e

簡單說 這篇記事是在說明下面這篇期刊文章的研究結果

The greenhouse gas footprint of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exported from the United States
https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.1934
https://reurl.cc/eMAqbW

研究結果大概可以整理成幾個要點來看

*. 從2016年2月出口解禁以來，美國是全世界最大的LNG出口國家
*. LNG從生產與液化處理，到後續的運輸配送，幾乎無可避免地會產生溫室氣體排放

*. 研究結果顯示，最終燃燒LNG發電時的碳排放，只佔了LNG總碳排放量的約1/3，剩下
   約2/3都是從LNG的生產/液化/輸送等過程所產生的
*. 總的來說，把LNG從生產到消費過程全部列入考量時，LNG作為燃料的碳足跡，會比
   使用煤炭還要多出33%

於是 我們又回到問卦的標題了

嗯 看起來標題的的問題已經被這篇paper回答完了 (LNG真的比煤炭還髒)

所以問卦的問題也不得不修改的更深入一點

「有沒有已知LNG比煤炭還骯髒 結果還有國家/政府/企業花大錢大量買進的八卦???」

哦對了 順便一提 現在台電的燃氣發電 到底燒的是哪種天然氣呢???
答案是：LNG
XDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

https://i.meee.com.tw/hLXWDZM.png

====

文末附上康乃爾大學校內新聞的對照翻譯作為偷懶用
有時間的話 建議直接看原文最準
真的很有時間的話 建議直接看paper然後帶大家導讀 @@

======================================================================

Liquefied natural gas carbon footprint is worse than coal
液化天然氣的碳足跡比煤炭更糟糕


Liquefied natural gas leaves a greenhouse gas footprint that is 33% worse
than coal, when processing and shipping are taken into account, according to
a new Cornell study.
根據一份新的康乃爾研究報告顯示，如果將液化天然氣 (以下簡稱LNG) 的製作處理與
運送過程也納入考量時，LNG的溫室氣體足跡比煤炭還要多出33%。


“Natural gas and shale gas are all bad for the climate. Liquefied natural
gas (LNG) is worse,” said Robert Howarth, author of the study and the David
R. Atkinson Professor of Ecology and Environmental Biology in the College of
Agriculture and Life Sciences. “LNG is made from shale gas, and to make it
you must supercool it to liquid form and then transport it to market in large
tankers. That takes energy.”
"天然氣與頁岩氣對氣候都有不良影響。LNG比這兩者更糟糕。" 該篇研究報告的作者,



The research, “The Greenhouse Gas Footprint of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Exported from the United States,” published Oct. 3 in Energy Science &
Engineering.
研究報告 「美國出口的液化天然氣 (LNG) 的溫室氣體足跡」 於 2024/10/03 發表於
「能源科學與工程」期刊。


The emissions of methane and carbon dioxide released during LNG’s extraction,
processing, transportation and storage account for approximately half of its
total greenhouse gas footprint, Howarth said.
Howarth指出，LNG的抽出、處理、運送、儲存過程中 (也就是說，用戶端還沒開始把LNG
拿來燃燒以前) 所造成的甲烷與二氧化碳排放量，大約佔了LNG的總合溫室氣體足跡的
一半左右。


Over 20 years, the carbon footprint for LNG is one-third larger than coal,
when analyzed using the measurement of global warming potential, which compares
the atmospheric impact for different greenhouse gases. Even on a 100-year time
scale – a more-forgiving scale than 20 years – the liquefied natural gas
carbon footprint equals or still exceeds coal, Howarth said.
Howarth表示，若以全球暖化潛勢的量測，也就是比較 (LNG與煤炭所產生的) 不同的



The findings have implications for LNG production in the U.S., which is the
world’s largest exporter, after it lifted an export ban in 2016, according to
the paper. Almost all of the increase in natural gas production since 2005 has
been from shale gas. Howarth said the exported LNG is produced from shale in
Texas and Louisiana.



The liquefication process – where the extracted natural gas is cooled to
minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit – makes LNG easier to transport on tanker ships.
(天然氣的)液化處理 - 將抽出的天然氣冷卻至華氏零下260度F (大約等同於攝氏零下
162度C) - 此一過程讓油輪可以較為容易地運送LNG。


But that mode of transportation comes at an environmental cost. The ships with
two- or four-stroke engines that transport LNG have lower carbon dioxide
emissions than steam-powered ships. But as those stroke-engine vessels burn
LNG during storage and transportation, methane slips through as emitted
exhaust gas, putting more into the atmosphere.



Methane is more than 80 times more harmful to the atmosphere than carbon
dioxide, so even small emissions can have a large climate impact, Howarth said.
「甲烷對於大氣所造成的損害程度是二氧化碳的80倍以上，因此即使只是小量的排放
也會對氣候造成很大的影響。」Howarth表示。


That’s why, he said, the modern LNG tankers with two- and four-stroke engines
have more greenhouse gas emissions than those tankers powered by steam.
Regardless of better fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions,
methane still escapes in the tanker’s exhaust.



And significant methane emissions occur in the natural gas liquefication
process, a figure close to 8.8% of the total when using the global warming
potential. Methane emissions from tankers vary from 3.9% to 8.1%, depending on
the ship.

比較有感，簡單來說就是，實際燒LNG發電產生的碳排放量完全比不上LNG的生產液化
運輸過程的碳排放量)


“Almost all the methane emissions occur upstream when you’re extracting the
shale gas and liquefying it,” Howarth said. “This is all magnified just to
get the liquefied natural gas to market.
「當你抽出頁岩氣並且將它液化處理時，幾乎所有的甲烷排放都是來自 (LNG生產流程的)
上游，」Howarth說，「這一切都被放大了，就只是為了將LNG送到市場上。」


“So liquefied natural gas will always have a bigger climate footprint than
the natural gas, no matter what the assumptions of being a bridge fuel are,”
Howarth said. “It still ends up substantially worse than coal.”
「所以，LNG的氣候足跡總是會比普通的天然氣來得更大，即使在前提上將之視為一種
中繼能源，」Howarth說，「它 (LNG) 的表現在實質上還是比煤炭要糟糕得多。」


The research was supported by a grant from the Park Foundation. Howarth is a
fellow at the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability.
此研究是由Park基金會的補助金所援助。Howarth是康乃爾Atkinson可持續性中心的
研究員。

======================================================================

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※ 作者: ZXKUQYB 2025-05-22 12:23:39
※ 文章代碼(AID): #1eBgRKbj (Gossiping)
※ 文章網址: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Gossiping/M.1747887828.A.96D.html

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