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備註請放最後面 違者新聞文章刪除

1.媒體來源:

外媒        THE NEW YORK TIMES

2.記者署名:

By Sabrina Imbler

3.完整新聞標題:

你騎的馬可能是在俄羅斯南部製造的

(過於喜感的機器翻譯，特予保留。)

4.完整新聞內文:

你騎的馬可能是在俄羅斯南部製造的

The Horse You Rode In On May Have Been Made in Southern Russia

一篇全面的新論文測試了 273 種古馬的基因組，以確定現代馬的馴化時間和地點。

A comprehensive new paper tested 273 ancient horse genomes to pinpoint when
and where modern horses were domesticated.


中國內蒙古草原上的馬。 法國古遺傳學家 Ludovic Orlando 於 2016 年開始在歐亞大陸
收集考古樣本，以積累龐大的數據集。

Horses of the steppes in Inner Mongolia, China. Ludovic Orlando, a French
paleogeneticist, began in 2016 collecting archaeological samples across
Eurasia to amass a huge data set.Credit...Ludovic Orlando

經過 薩布麗娜· 伊布勒
2021 年 10 月 20 日

幾千年來，歐洲和亞洲的草原是基因不同的馬血統鑲嵌的家園。但是一個單一的血統疾
馳而過，超越並取代了所有其他野馬。這個馴化的血統成為我們現代想像中的馬：修長的
腿、肌肉發達的背部和在風中閃閃發光的鬃毛。

幾十年來，科學家們一直試圖找出現代馬首次馴化的時間和地點。

For thousands of years, the grassy plains of Europe and Asia were home to a
mosaic of genetically distinct horse lineages. But a single lineage galloped
ahead to overtake and replace all the other wild horses. This domesticated
lineage became the horse of our modern imagination: slender legs, a muscular
back and a mane that shimmers in the wind.

For decades, scientists had tried to sleuth out when and where modern horses
were first domesticated but had yet to find the smoking hoof they needed.





Now, in a paper published Wednesday in the journal Nature, scientists have
finally solved the mystery. After collecting and sequencing 273 ancient horse
genomes, a team of 162 authors concluded that modern horses were domesticated
around 4,200 years ago in steppes around southern Russia, near where the
Volga and Don rivers intersect.

This new paper comes as close as currently possible to solving the mystery of
the origins of the domestic horse, according to Peter Heintzman, a
paleogenomics researcher at the Tromso campus of the Arctic University of
Norway, who was not involved with the research. “It’s a monumental effort,
” Dr. Heintzman said, noting that they collected a “wall of data” from “
hundreds of horses.”

法國圖盧茲人類生物學和基因組學中心的古遺傳學家和研究主任、該論文的作者
Ludovic Orlando 已經為這個問題辛勤工作了十年。



Ludovic Orlando, a paleogeneticist and research director of the Center for
Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse in France and an author on the
paper, has toiled over this question for a decade.

In recent years, scholars homed in on a Botai settlement in the Kazakh
steppes that was brimming with horses’ bone fragments and clay pots that
were lined with what appeared to be mare’s milk. This was the earliest
archaeological evidence of horse domestication, and seemed promising as the
birthplace of modern horses.



他說，為了解開這個謎團，“我們決定詳盡無遺，真正到處尋找。”

But in 2018, a team of researchers including Dr. Orlando sequenced the
genomes of the horse bones at Botai. To the researchers’ surprise, the Botai
horses did not give rise to modern horses, but were instead the direct
ancestors of Przewalski’s horses, a stocky lineage originally thought to be
the last wild horses on the planet. They revealed Przewalski’s were not wild
after all, but instead the feral descendants of domestics. So the puzzle of
the origins of modern horses remained unsolved. “Every time I was expecting
something, it was wrong,” Dr. Orlando said.

He said that to solve the mystery, “we decided to be exhaustive and really
look everywhere.”

在這種情況下，任何地方都意味著整個歐亞大陸。從 2016 年開始，奧蘭多博士從考古收
藏品和新挖掘物中收集了該地區的樣本，基本上是他們可以拿到的每一塊古代馬骨。

為了將來保存這些遺骸，研究人員在古馬的內耳、牙齒和其他骨骼上鑽了小孔，以取回微
小的樣本。

Everywhere, in this case, meant across Eurasia. Starting in 2016, Dr. Orlando
collected samples across the region from archaeological collections and new
digs, essentially every ancient horse bone they could get their hands on.

To preserve the remains for the future, the researchers drilled tiny holes
into the ancient horses’ inner ears, teeth and other bones to retrieve tiny
samples.

隨著研究人員逐漸跨越時間和空間繪製馬的基因組圖，圖片變得更加清晰。一年多以前，
他們能夠確定準確的位置：現在俄羅斯境內的伏爾加河-頓河地區。



As the researchers gradually mapped the horse genomes across time and space,
the picture became sharper. A little over a year ago, they were able to
pinpoint the precise location: the Volga-Don region in what is now Russia.

With such a gargantuan data set, the researchers ended up answering
additional horsy historical details. They found modern horses had two stark
genetic differences from other ancient lineages — one gene linked to
docility and another to a stronger backbone — which may have facilitated the
animals’ spread.

馴馬改變了人類歷史，使人們能夠長途跋涉並開發新的戰爭技術。“每個人都想要這匹馬
，”奧蘭多博士說。

因此，該論文的基因發現“構成了我們對培育這些馬的人類社會的理解的重大進展，”法
國國家科學研究中心的博士後研究員 Pauline Hanot 說，他沒有參與這項研究。

Domestic horses transformed human history, allowing people to travel great
distances and develop new technologies of warfare. “Everyone wanted the
horse,” Dr. Orlando said.

Accordingly, the paper’s genetic findings “constitute major advances in our
understanding of the human societies which bred these horses,” said Pauline
Hanot, a postdoctoral researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific
Research who was not involved with the research.



這篇新論文還揭示了大約 3800 年前，隨著青銅時代的辛塔什塔文化（Sintashta 文化）
傳播到歐亞大陸，該文化擁有輻條輪戰車。

The study also knocked down ideas about horses’ role in earlier human
history. For instance, one pre-existing theory suggested a pastoralist people
called the Yamnaya were able to migrate on horseback in massive numbers into
Europe around 5,000 years ago. But the new genetic map found no evidence; the
researchers point out oxen, not horses, could have been the driving factor of
their expansion.

The new paper also reveals domestic horses spread across Eurasia along with
the Bronze Age Sintashta culture, which possessed spoke-wheeled chariots,
around 3,800 years ago.

在馴服了所有這些馬匹數據後，奧蘭多博士有了一個新的愛好：他開始參加騎馬課程。

像所有其他人一樣，他騎著家馬——在俄羅斯南部馳騁的古老動物的後代。

“我不敢接近普氏原羚的馬，”奧蘭多博士說。“他們殺狼。我跑得沒那麼快。”

After taming all of this horse data, Dr. Orlando has taken on a new hobby: He
started taking riding lessons.

Like all other humans, he rides domestic horses — descendants of the ancient
animals that galloped in southern Russia.

“I would not dare approach a Przewalski’s horse,” Dr. Orlando said. “They
kill wolves. I am not that fast of a runner.”

5.完整新聞連結 (或短網址):

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/science/horse-domestication-russia.html

6.備註:






                難怪哥薩克人的騎兵能在戰爭史上持續作戰這麼久

                https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1k1hQQNfpg

                同場加映TED短片：17世紀哥薩克戰士的日常

                https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33cP54FcERA





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之時若生起退失動搖之心，則神識旋即離散且肉身消殞；即便如此還是願意受灌頂嗎？
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文章代碼(AID): #1K0Lp7VP (CFantasy) [ptt.cc] Re: [新聞] 湖南偏鄉驚曝百餘......
https://imgur.com/eRQKYMF           文章網址: https://tinyurl.com/56ervywe

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