[筆記] note Google Search: 米殼裂解 Husk, chaff & Rice hulls #稻梗 - CityNight板

看板 CityNight
作者 Ctea (Ctea)
標題 [筆記] note Google Search: 米殼裂解
時間 2016-02-19 Fri. 14:00:12

Husk, chaff & Rice hulls

https://scholar.google.com.tw/scholar?hl=zh-TW&q="rice+husk"+"pyrolysis"&btnG=&lr=

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852499000851
Techno-economics of rice husk pyrolysis, conversion with catalytic treatment to produce liquid fuel 孟加拉馬來西亞

A study was carried out on the techno-economic analysis of the primary pyrolysis process and pyrolysis process with catalytic treatment converting rice husk waste to pyrolysis oil and solid char. The processes considered for detailed analysis were Fluidised Bed Fast Pyrolysis (FBFP) and Fluidised Bed Fast Pyrolysis with Catalytic Treatment (FBFPCT). The assessment was carried out in US$ for three different-scale plants, of feed throughput 0.3, 100 and 1000 kg/h. The assessment showed that FBFP was economically better than FBFPCT for the production of primary pyrolysis oil that could be used as boiler fuel oil and for the production of catalytically treated, upgraded, liquid-products. The FBFP 1000 kg/h plant unit appeared to be economically feasible, with the lowest unit production cost of primary pyrolysis oil.

#科技經濟 #生質燃油 #快速裂解 Fast Pyrolysis #催化劑

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012001696
Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk for bio-oil production 英國

Catalytic pyrolysis experiments have been carried out on Brunei rice husk (BRH) to obtain bio-oil using a fixed-bed pyrolysis rig. ZSM-5, Al-MCM-41, Al-MSU-F and Brunei rice husk ash (BRHA) were used as the catalysts for the catalytic pyrolysis experiments and comparison was done to analyse the changes in the bio-oil properties and yield. Properties of the liquid catalytic and non-catalytic bio-oil were analysed in terms of water content, pH, acid number, viscosity, density and calorific value. The bio-oil chemical composition shows that ZSM-5 increases the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and light phenols, whilst Al-MCM-41 reduces the acetic acid production. The catalytic runs increased the calorific value and water content in the bio-oil, whilst viscosity, density and acid number is decreased.

#生質燃油 #催化劑

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef200867q?journalCode=enfuem
Fast Pyrolysis of Rice Husk in a Fluidized Bed: Effects of the Gas Atmosphere and Catalyst on Bio-oil with a Relatively Low Content of Oxygen 日本

The pyrolysis of rice husk is carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. The effects of pyrolysis parameters, i.e., gas atmosphere and catalyst, on the carbon conversion of rice husk and composition of bio-oils are studied. The experiments with catalysts under a hydrogen atmosphere to produce bio-oils with a much lower oxygen content compared to those under a nitrogen atmosphere are performed. The results show that the oxygen content of bio-oils is markedly reduced because the oxygenated hydrocarbons are hydrocracked, resulting in the formation of H2O, CO, and CO2, when catalysts are introduced under a nitrogen atmosphere and decreases even more under a hydrogen gas atmosphere (hydropyrolysis). The oxygen content of bio-oil under a hydrogen atmosphere decreases from over 31.1% without a catalyst to 25.91, 20.51, 26.51, and 10.1% with Ni/Al2O3, Ni/LY, dolomite, and CoMo/Al2O3, respectively.

The use of CoMo/Al2O3 and Ni/LY catalysts under a hydrogen atmosphere shows high activity to decrease the oxygen content, which leads to a higher heating value and more aromatic hydrocarbons. These experiments indicate that catalytic hydropyrolysis is suitable for producing bio-oils with a lower molecular weight and high aromatic hydrocarbons, which are possible to use as a potential liquid fuel and chemical feedstock.

#生質燃油 #催化劑 #低氧 #氫氣環境 #高熱質 #低分子量 #芳香族烴

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852405005651
Fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Product yields and compositions 台灣嘉南藥大

A series of pyrolysis oils and chars were prepared from agricultural by-product rice husk by the lab-scale fast pyrolysis system using induction heating. The effect of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, holding time, nitrogen gas flow rate, condensation temperature and particle size on the pyrolysis product yields and their chemical compositions was examined. The maximum oil yield of over 40% was obtained at the proper pyrolysis conditions. The chemical characterization by elemental, calorific, spectroscopic and chromatographic studies showed that the pyrolysis oils derived from the fast pyrolysis of rice husk contained considerable amounts of carbonyl groups and/or oxygen content, resulting in low pH and low heating values.

#快速裂解 Fast Pyrolysis

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237007000022
Bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of rice husk: Yields and related properties and improvement of the pyrolysis system 中國

Rice husk was fast pyrolysed at temperatures between 420 ° C and 540 ° C in a fluidized bed, and the main product of bio-oil is obtained. The experimental result shows that the highest bio-oil yield of 56 wt% was obtained at 465 ° C for rice husk. Chemical composition of bio-oil acquired was analyzed by GC–MS and its heat value, stability, miscibility and corrosion characteristics were determined. These results showed that bio-oil obtained can be directly used as a fuel oil for combustion in a boiler or a furnace without any upgrading. Alternatively, the fuel can be refined to be used by vehicles. Furthermore, the energy performance of the pyrolysis process was analyzed.

#腐蝕性 #實用性

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852498000315
Thermal degradation of rice husks in nitrogen atmosphere 加拿大

Rice husk, a renewable by-product of rice milling operations, is an energy source that can be utilized to meet the increasing demands for energy. Its utilization can also help rice millers meet increasing costs of rice husk disposal because of increasing restrictions on disposal. However, industrial utilization of rice husk in thermochemical conversion systems to liberate energy requires the knowledge of its thermal characteristics for the proper design and modelling of these systems.

The thermal degradation of four rice husk varieties (Lemont, ROK 14, CP 4, and Pa Potho) were investigated at three heating rates (10, 20 and 50° C/min) in nitrogen atmosphere using the technique of thermogravimetric analysis between ambient temperature and 700° C. The thermal degradation rate in active and passive pyrolysis zones, the initial degradation temperature, and the residual weight at 700° C were determined. Increasing the heating rate increased both the thermal degradation rate and the residual weight at 700° C, and decreased the initial degradation temperature. The higher the cellulosic content of the rice husk, the higher the thermal degradation rate and the initial degradation temperature. Also, higher ash content in the rice husk resulted in higher residual weight at 700° C. Rice husk could be degraded to the extent of 56–64%.

#含氮環境 #氮氣 #thermal degradation #heating rate #pyrolysis zones #residual weight

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X10000274
Fast pyrolysis of rice husk under different reaction conditions 韓國

In this work, rice husk, an agricultural waste in Korea, was pyrolyzed under different reaction conditions (temperature, flow rate, feed rate, and fluidizing medium) in a fluidized bed with the influence of reaction conditions upon characteristics of the bio-oil studied. The optimal pyrolysis temperature for bio-oil production was found to be between 400 and 450 ° C. Higher flow rates and feeding rates were more effective for its production. The use of the product gas as the fluidizing medium led to the highest bio-oil yield. With the exception of temperature, no single operation variable largely affected the physicochemical properties of the bio-oil.

#最佳條件 #最適條件

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.193.5159
Pyrolysis of Rice Husk in a Fixed Bed Reactor

Fixed-bed slow pyrolysis experiments of rice husk have been conducted to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, particle size and reactor length on the pyrolysis product yields.

Pyrolysis experiments were performed at pyrolysis temperature between 400 and 600° C with a constant heating rate of 60° C/min and particle sizes of 0.60-1.18 mm. The optimum process conditions for maximum liquid yield from the rice husk pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor were also identified. The highest liquid yield was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 500° C, particle size of 1.18-1.80 mm, with a heating rate of 60° C/min in a 300 mm length reactor. The obtained yield of, liquid, gas and solid were found be in the range of 22.57-31.78 %, 27.75-42.26 % and 34.17-42.52 % (all weight basics) respectively at different pyrolysis conditions. The results indicate that the effects of pyrolysis temperature and particle size on the pyrolysis yield are more significant than that of heating rate and reactor length.

The functional groups and chemical compositions present in the liquid obtained at optimum conditions were identified by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis respectively.

#GCMS

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953497100605
Overview of combustion and gasification of rice husk in fluidized bed reactors 印度瑞典

Rice is cultivated in more than 75 countries in the world. The rice husk is the outer cover of the rice and on average it accounts for 20% of the paddy produced, on weight basis. The worldwide annual husk output is about 80 million tonnes with an annual energy potential of 1.2× 10[9]GJ corresponding to a heating value of 15 MJ/kg. India alone generates about 22 million tonnes of rice husk per year. If an efficient method is available, the husk can be converted to a useful form of energy to meet the thermal and mechanical energy requirements of the rice mills themselves. This paper provides an overview of previous works on combustion and gasification of rice husk in atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed reactors and summarizes the state of the art knowledge.

As the high ash content, low bulk density, poor flow characteristics and low ash melting point makes the other types of reactors like grate furnaces and downdraft gasifiers either inefficient or unsuitable for rice husk conversion to energy, the fluidized bed reactor seems to be the promising choice. The overview shows that the reported results are from only small bench or lab scale units. Although a combustion efficiency of about 80% can normally be attained; the reported values in the literature, which are more than 95%, seem to be in higher order. Combustion intensity of about 530 kg/h/m[2]is reported. It is also technically feasible to gasify rice husk in a fluidized bed reactor to yield combustible producer gas, even with sufficient heating value for application in internal combustion engines. A combustible gas with heating value of 4–6 MJ/Nm[3]at a rate of 2.8–4.6 MWth/m[2]seems to be possible.

Only very little information is available on the pollutant emissions in combustion and tar emissions from gasification. The major conclusion is that the results reported in the literature are limited and vary widely, emphasizing the need for further research to establish suitable and optimum operating conditions for commercial implementations.

#灰分

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382098000496
A process development for gasification of rice husk 台灣成大

Rice husk has been recognized as a potential source of energy. Thus, the main objective of this work was to develop a rice husk gasification process. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectra reveal that partial oxidation of rice husk at reaction temperatures below 1000 K would also allow recover valuable of amorphous silica materials. In the laboratory-scale fixed-bed and bench-scale downdraft experimental approaches, gasification of rice husk was accompanied by a substantial production of syngas at 760–900 K. It appears that in order to generate 10 kW electric power, approximately 28 kg/h of rice husk must be gasified. The rice husk gasification process, in terms of heat requirements, can be self-sustaining.

#氣化與發電 #合成氣體 SynGas #自給自足持續性

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001623619290238J
Combustion and gasification characteristics of rice husk 印度

Rice husk when used in gasifiers and boilers yields carbonaceous residue. Combustion and gasification studies of rice husk were carried out to understand the problem of incomplete carbon conversion. Thermogravimetric experiments were carried out using carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air and steam atmospheres under different temperature conditions. At temperatures greater than 700 ° C there was incomplete conversion, while at lower temperatures complete conversion occurs. The combustion and gasification kinetics are also very sensitive to the rate of heating. These observations are explained on the basis that the silica undergoes structural changes in the range 700–900 ° C. The findings are also supported by SEM analysis of the ash sample obtained under different reaction conditions and X-ray diffraction patterns of the residues. Appropriate and efficient routes for gasification of rice husk for thermal and mechanical/electrical power are proposed, in addition to recovery of amorphous silica.

#氣化

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511009037

Sustainable gasification–biochar systems? A case-study of rice-husk gasification in Cambodia, Part I: Context, chemical properties, environmental and health and safety issues 英國柬埔寨菲律賓

▶ Rice husk char (RHC) is a biochar produced from gasification of rice husk for power production.

▶ RHC contains ca. 33% stable carbon and overall conservation of carbon in feedstock of ca. 32%.

▶ Gasification combines benefits of renewable energy generation and carbon abatement via biochar.

▶ Pollution and contamination from adding RHC to agricultural soils can be avoided.

▶ Avoiding contamination requires dry discharge or careful separation of RHC from waste water.
#RHC #米殼炭 #避免汙染 #農業用途 #Biochar #生物炭

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412008541
Application of mineral bed materials during fast pyrolysis of rice husk to improve water-soluble organics production 中國
#礦物質爐床 #水溶性有機物

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544200000098
Comparison of products from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of rice husks 英國

Rice husks were pyrolysed in a fluidised bed reactor at 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600° C. The rice husks were then pyrolysed at 550° C with zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst upgrading of the pyrolysis vapours at catalyst temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600° C. The pyrolysis oils were collected in a series of condensers and cold traps and analysed to determine their yield and composition in relation to process conditions. The gases were analysed off-line by packed column gas chromatography. The pyrolysis oils before catalysis were homogeneous, of low viscosity and highly oxygenated. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were present in the oils at low concentration and increased in concentration with increasing temperature of pyrolysis. Oxygenated compounds in the oils consisted mainly of phenols, cresols, benzenediols and guaiacol and their alkylated derivatives.

In the presence of the catalyst the yield of oil was markedly reduced, although the oxygen content of the oil was reduced with the formation of coke on the catalyst. The influence of the catalyst was to convert the oxygen in the pyrolysis oil to largely H2O at the lower catalyst temperatures and to largely CO and CO2 at the higher catalyst temperatures. The molecular weight distribution of the oils was decreased after catalysis and further decreased with increasing temperature of catalysis. The catalysed oils were markedly increased in single ring and PAH compared to uncatalysed biomass pyrolysis oils. The concentration of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic species increased with increasing catalyst temperature.

#PAH #有無催化劑的差別 #不同溫度

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1004954109601865
Properties of Bio-oil from Fast Pyrolysis of Rice Husk 中國

Physicochemical properties of bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of rice husk were studied in the present work. Molecular distillation was used to separate the crude bio-oil into three fractions viz. light fraction, middle fraction and heavy fraction.

Their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The thermal behavior, including evaporation and decomposition, was investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). The product distribution was significantly affected by contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The bio-oil yield was 46.36% (by mass) and the yield of gaseous products was 27% (by mass). The chemicals in the bio-oil included acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, sugars, etc. The light fraction was mainly composed of acids and compounds with lower boiling point temperature, the middle and heavy fractions were consisted of phenols and levoglucosan. The thermal stability of the bio-oil was determined by the interactions and intersolubility of compounds.

It was found that the thermal stability of bio-oil was better than the light fraction, but worse than the middle and heavy fractions.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237008000302
Analysis on chemical and physical properties of bio-oil pyrolyzed from rice husk 中國

Fast pyrolysis of rice husk was performed with an intermediate autothermal pyrolysis set to produce bio-oil. The bio-oil was analyzed for its elemental and chemical composition, basic fuel properties, distillation and thermogravimetric properties, ageing properties as well as lubrication properties. The effects of methanol addition on some properties of the bio-oil were also investigated. The results indicate that the rice husk bio-oil is a valuable liquid fuel but with some undesired properties. The addition of methanol is beneficial. It reduces the viscosity of the bio-oil remarkably and also slows down the ageing rates of the bio-oil.

#甲醇

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953410003697
Fractional characterization of a bio-oil derived from rice husk 中國
#GC-MS

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236114002221
Bio-oil production from rice husk fast pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor 西班牙

The fast pyrolysis of rice husk has been performed in the 400–600 ° C range in a continuous pyrolysis bench-scale plant equipped with a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) with continuous removal of the char. In this paper it is studied the influence of temperature on product yields and products composition (gas, bio-oil and char) as well as the effect over the char properties. Bio-oil yield is very high (70 wt.% at 450 ° C) due to the high capacity of mass and heat transfer as well as the reduced residence time of the CSBR. Moreover, bio-oil yield decreases slightly with temperature owing to the increase of gas yield, which is very low in the whole range of temperature studied. These results evidence the suitability of CSBR for the fast pyrolysis of rice husk, with the aim of obtaining bio-oil and char. The char can be upgraded by obtaining amorphous silica and activated carbon.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382012003190
Catalytic pyrolysis of rice husk by mixing with zinc oxide: Characterization of bio-oil and its rheological behavior 中國

The experiments on the rice husk pyrolysis were performed in a fixed-bed reactor to produce bio-oil. The effects of the different operation factors such as pyrolysis temperature、sweeping gas (N2) flow rates and ZnO catalyst on the yields of three products and the characteristics of bio-oil were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield of 49.91% was obtained at 550 ° C pyrolysis temperature with a heating rate of 25 ° C/min and nitrogen flow rate of 150 mL/min. The bio-oils yielded with and without a catalyst were characterized by FT-IR and GC/MS. The results showed that the main identified compounds of bio-oils were phenols, phenol derivatives and long-chain aliphatic compounds. It was observed that the use of catalyst decreased the bio-oil yields, but enhanced the small molecular compound yields and decreased the amount of oxygenated groups in bio-oils. A series of rheological tests were performed for the two kinds of bio-oil with cone and plate rheometer.

The results indicated that both types of bio-oil were typical non-Newtonian and strongly shear thinning liquids in the flow behavior. The viscosity of the ZnO-treated bio-oil was significantly lower than that of the bio-oil without any catalyst.

#催化劑

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890409003513
Spray combustion properties of fast pyrolysis bio-oil produced from rice husk 中國

The research presented here is focused primarily on spray combustion of pure fast pyrolysis bio-oil from rice husk. A combustion systems is developed to attain a possibility of firing of the bio-oil in a routine way. The start-up and shut down combustion procedures is established. The bio-oil is properly pretreated and spray combustion properties of pure fast pyrolysis bio-oil are studied. After 40 min combustion become steady and the temperature in the center of the combustion chamber is above 1400 ° C. The CO concentration decreases with ER, and below a certain ER, the CO level exponentially increases. The measured NOx concentrations slightly increase at higher ER. Low values of SOx emissions are measured, and as expected these values are very low (<30 ppm). The O2 concentration increases with ER. Bio-oil has the potential to replace diesel and gas for on-site power generation and heating, to be a fuel source for large-scale combustion systems such as furnaces, boilers and gas turbines.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412006086
Characterization of a bio-oil from pyrolysis of rice husk by detailed compositional analysis and structural investigation of lignin 中國

Detailed compositional analysis of a bio-oil (BO) from pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out. The BO was extracted sequentially with n-hexane, CCl4, CS2, benzene and CH2Cl2. In total, 167 organic species were identified with GC/MS in the extracts and classified into alkanes, alcohols, hydroxybenzenes, alkoxybenzenes, dioxolanes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, nitrogen-containing organic compounds and other species. The benzene ring-containing species (BRCCs) were attributed to the degradation of lignin while most of the rests were derived from the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. Along with guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl units as the main components, a new type of linkage was suggested, i.e., Car–CH2–Car in 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-dimethoxyphenol). Based on the species identified, a possible macromolecular structure of the lignin and the mechanism for its pyrolysis are proposed.

The BO was also extracted with petroleum ether in ca. 17.8% of the extract yield and about 82.1% of the extracted components are BRCCs.
#苯環

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382008001069
Characterization of char from rapid pyrolysis of rice husk 中國

In the present study, one process was selected for a fundamental study of structural evolution during rapid pyrolysis, as well as for the study of the influence of such evolution on char reactivity. Chars were prepared at different situations from rice husk. The reactivity of resultant chars was measured using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of fresh and partly reacted chars was characterized using proximate and ultimate analyses, physical adsorption/desorption measurements of N2 (− 196 ° C), mercury intrusion porosimetry (414 MPa), FTIR, Helium pycnometer as well as samples visualization by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Appreciable differences in the physical characteristics, depending markedly on the pyrolysis stage, were observed.

SEM observation showed that surface of pore in char particle became increasingly rough in the middle of pyrolysis. Micropore characteristics obtained from adsorption/desorption measurement were complex. Release of volatile material led to the development of pores with different changing trends. The surface area of char increased with pyrolysis process to a maximum value of 56.95 m2/g at pyrolysis reaction ratio (Rp = 0.90). Macropores in char particles which were evaluated by mercury intrusion porosimetry indicated that the porosity increases continually. Combined the analysis result of density with porosity data, it was showed that particle shrinkage happened at the first stage of rapid pyrolysis. The H/C, O/C and N/C ratios of the char changed with different trends when the pyrolysis reaction ratio increased. Furthermore, FTIR studies indicated a gradual decrease in the intensities of OH, C–H and C–O stretches with pyrolysis process.

At the end of reaction, most bands disappeared, resulting in a char that was mainly an aromatic polymer of carbon atoms.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852405004803
Physical and thermochemical characterization of rice husk char as a potential biomass energy source 印度

The fixed bed pyrolysis of rice husk was studied under conventional conditions with the aim of determining the characteristics of the charcoal formed for its applicability as a solid fuel. Thermoanalytic methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of its combustion. Palletisation using different binders and techniques to improve the time of sustained combustion of the char pallets were investigated. The optimum temperature for carbonization to obtain a char having moderately high heating value was found as 400 ° C. For the active char combustion zone, the order of reaction was nearly 1, the activation energy 73.403 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factor 4.97 × 104 min−1. Addition of starch as a binder and 10% ferrous sulphate heptahydrate or sodium hypophosphite as an additive enhanced the ignitibility of the char pallets.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237012001325
Effects of the pyrolysis process on the oil sorption capacity of rice husk 保加利亞

Fixed bed slow pyrolysis experiments on rice husks were carried out in order to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature upon: porous structure; surface morphology; phase composition; total amount, nature and distribution of the volatile compounds finely dispersed on the solid pyrolysis residues. The pyrolysis experiments were performed within the temperature range 250–700 ° C. The sorption capacity of pyrolyzed rice husks for crude oil was determined. The results indicate that the increase in oil sorption capacity of rice husks after pyrolysis is the result of mutual influence of the above mentioned parameters. It was established that the oil sorption capacity was more strongly influenced by the porous structure of the adsorbents than by their phase composition and by the nature and amount of finely dispersed fluids.

For achieving the purpose that was set in advance, the capabilities of: scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas-chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis, extraction and gravimetric analysis were used.

#Oil spills #油漬 #吸附

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409009789
Characteristics of microporous/mesoporous carbons prepared from rice husk under base- and acid-treated conditions 台灣明志 THL

The study reports the preparation of activated carbon with a high surface area from rice husk using chemical activation with H3PO4 and ZnCl2. Activated carbon prepared from rice husk usually exhibits low specific surface areas due to its high ash content. However, experimental results show that base-leaching and acid-washing processes can effectively enhance the adsorption capacity of rice-husk carbon. The study also investigates the effects of preparation parameters on the surface characteristics of the carbon. These parameters include the kind of activating agent, before and after treatment procedures, impregnation ratio and activation temperature. The chemical and physical properties of samples were examined by EA, ICP-MS, XRD, FTIR, SEM and a N2-adsorption meter. The surface areas obtained from ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activation are as high as 2434 and 1741 m2/g, respectively.

These values are higher than that of activated carbon treated with neither base nor acid (1262 and 508 m2/g for ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activation).

Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the activation process can be divided into three parts based on temperature zones. The results of this study will be useful in developing resource recovery systems for agricultural biomass.

#酸洗與鹼洗

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775301005043
High-capacity carbons for lithium-ion batteries prepared from rice husk 台灣

We have prepared carbon anode materials by pyrolysis of rice husk (RH). Through X-ray powder diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement, and ICP-AES analysis, the effects of acid–base pre-treatment, pyrolysis temperature, and the use of a proprietary pore-genic agent on the cell capacity of these materials were investigated. The carbonaceous materials made from RH treated with a proprietary agent showed an extraordinarily high reversible capacity of 1055 mAh/g. To our best knowledge, this new hard carbon material possesses the highest reversible capacity ever reported for any carbon anode materials of lithium-ion batteries.

#鋰電池

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ta/c3ta10650k#!divAbstract
Rice husk-derived carbon anodes for lithium ion batteries 德國英國
#鋰電池

http://search.proquest.com/openview/16979f6122815cf1e9d6cbd864ffde75/1?pq-origsite=gscholar

Rice Husk Biochar for Rice Based Cropping System in Acid Soil 1. The Characteristics of Rice Husk Biochar and Its Influence on the Properties of Acid Sulfate Soils and Rice Growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia 印尼

#農業用途

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852412005366
Evolution of char structure during steam gasification of the chars produced from rapid pyrolysis of rice husk 中國

The structural evolution of rice husk char particles during steam gasification was studied by ultimate analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscope, N2 physisorption method and X-ray diffraction. Drastic changes in char structure occurred even when the char conversion was minimal. The C, H and O content decreased by more than 85%, 67% and 91%, respectively. The H/C atomic ratio always increased, while the O/C exhibited a “∼” shape. The maximum porosity appeared at char conversion of 48.6%. Ds and dave showed a good linear relationship. Aliphatic structures and smaller aromatic rings tended to be preferentially consumed to left the char more ordered and enriched with larger aromatic ring systems. The presence of steam favored the volatilization of Na. K, Mg and Ca showed a similar behavior and their concentrations reached maxima at 60.3%. Great loss of O-containing structures caused significant volatilization of K, Mg and Ca.

The C, H and O content decrease by more than 85%, 67% and 91%, respectively.
#鎂 #鈣 #鉀 #Fractal #炭結構

http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/5/12/4941
Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Rice Husk Char Characteristics and Its Tar Adsorption Capability 日本
#溫度影響 #焦油吸附

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie034093f

Effect of Two-Stage Process on the Preparation and Characterization of Porous Carbon Composite from Rice Husk by Phosphoric Acid Activation - Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (ACS Publications) 印度

#活性碳 #磷酸 #活化 #多孔結構

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001868609000906
Utilization of rice husk ash as novel adsorbent: A judicious recycling of the colloidal agricultural waste 馬來西亞
#RHA #吸附季 #汙染處理

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953410003247
Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution using the rice husk carbons prepared by the physical activation process 中國
#稻殼活性碳 #汙染處理 #重金屬移除 #二價銅 #物理活化

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矽產物
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884205002075
Production of β-SiC by pyrolysis of rice husk in gas furnaces 哥倫比亞

Short fibers and fine particles of β-SiC were obtained by pyrolysis of Colombian rice husk (RH). The synthesis of SiC was carried out in a gas furnace: a mathematical model was developed in order to design and build this equipment and the process was optimized using an experimental design that included variables such as temperature, pyrolysis time, type of catalyst, and process atmosphere. The obtained material was characterized by using FTIR, DRX and SEM for microstructural characterization and EDS technique for chemical analysis.

#碳化矽

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387181114000250
Porous silica and carbon derived materials from rice husk pyrolysis char 日本中國

Biomass pyrolysis is considered one of the most promising technologies for production of sustainable fuels. Rice husk ash (RHA) contains over 60% silica, 10–40% carbon and minor other mineral composition, which is the by-product during the process of rice husk (RH) gasification/pyrolysis. More researchers become interested in how to use this industrial waste, because RHA is available in abundant, sustainable and almost free of cost. In recent years, RHA has been widely used as a construction material to product concrete, or as an adsorbent to adsorb organic dye, inorganic metal ions and waste gases. Due to its high silica content, RHA can be an economically viable raw material for the production of silicates and silica materials.

Biochar and biosilica from high silicon-containing biomass, which can be fabricated into the high value-added porous carbon and silicon materials, such as silica/carbon nanoparticles, mesoporous silica/carbon, have lots of chemical and biological characterization for biomedical and electronical applications. Significantly, RH char, a hybrid composite can be converted in to the homogeneous carbon–silica nanocomposite (C/SiO2) via extraction, which is directly used for synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous carbon and silica materials via a triconstituent co-assembly approach to prepare well-ordered mesoporous polymer–silica and carbon–silica nanocomposites by using resols as a polymer precursor, silicate oligomers as an inorganic precursor, and triblock copolymer F127 as a template.

In addition, these materials could be put into extensively use as adsorbents and catalysts for other environmental pollutants treatment. Thus, it has a significant meaning to be engaged in more research works on the physicochemical characteristics of waste biomass to realize the “3R” rules of reducing, reusing and recycling.

#多孔矽土 #奈米級矽 #吸附劑

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie950222j
The Nitridation Kinetics of Pyrolyzed Rice Husk 台灣中央 THL FWC
#氮氣環境裂解

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie00058a001
The chlorination kinetics of rice husk 台灣中央 FWC
#酸洗 #去雜質 #保留碳與矽

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie9604536
Pyrolysis Kinetics of Acid-Leached Rice Husk 台灣中央 THL FWC JJL

A highly pure mixture of carbon and silica was obtained on pyrolysis rice husk leached with acid at high temperature in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. The product was suitable for use as a starting material in the manufacture of silicon nitride powder. The effect of treatment including the kind and concentration of acid and the pyrolysis temperature on the constituents of the specimen was presented. The results indicated that thermal degradation of rice husk consisted of two distinct pyrolysis stages. The corresponding kinetic parameters including the activation energy were determined. A reasonable pyrolysis mechanism was proposed, which agreed satisfactorily with the experimental results.

#酸洗 #activation energy #裂解具有兩階段

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509303007512
Preparation and characterization of nano-structured silica from rice husk 台灣修平 THL

Uniformly sized ultrafine silica powder can be obtained by nonisothermal decomposition of rice husk in an oxidizing atmosphere. The properties of reactant and product including morphology, particle size, surface area, pore volume and pore distribution, have been investigated by TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, ICP-MS, and EA. At a heating rate of 5 K/min, the specific surface area of the silica powder was 235 m2/g, the average pore diameter was 5.4 nm, and the average particle size was 60 nm. The products obtained from various heating rates were all amorphous. By using a thermogravimetric analysis technique, a mechanism including two reaction stages was observed for the thermal decomposition of rice husk in air. The activation energy was found to be 166±10 kJ/mol. This method can conveniently provide preparation of silica of high surface area and nanometer grade.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008622304000600
Evolution of chemistry and morphology during the carbonization and combustion of rice husk 台灣修平 THL

Both fine carbon/silica and pure silica powders can be obtained by carbonization and combustion of rice husk under non-isothermal conditions, and the products can be used for preparation of high-quality ceramic materials. Studies on the morphology, chemical and physical characteristics of products were carried out by N2-adsorptionmeter, SEM, XRD, FTIR, ICP-MS and EA. Results indicate that decreasing the heating rate increased the specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. At a heating rate of 5 ° C/min, the specific surface areas of both the carbon/silica and pure silica powders were 261 and 235 m2/g, and the average pore diameters were 2.2 and 5.4 nm, respectively. The products obtained from various heating rates were all amorphous. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to study the reaction characteristics during carbonization or combustion, indicating that decomposition process of rice husk could be divided into three temperature zones.

This results of the study can also provide the important information on the recovery of biomass material from rice husk.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/096195349400070A
Energy and chemicals from rice husk 印度

Rice husk is the only agro residue having maximum siliceous ash content and available in dry form. The present work on rice husk describes processes for producing controlled carbon-silica mixtures in amorphous form, electronic-grade potassium silicate and activated carbon.

Rice husk is first pyrolised in a reactor at less than 973 K to obtain the char which is subsequently heated and activated with steam at 1073–1173 K for about 1 h in another reactor. The char is leached with HCl. Analysis of the leached char indicates that it is amorphous in nature and contains mainly 40% carbon and 56% silica with small quantities of volatile matter. The utility of the material as filler for reinforcement of rubbers is tested. Test results show that a tenfold increase in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity can be achieved with 100 phr.

In another development, the leached char is digested with 10–15% KOH solution in the temperature range of 303–373 K for about 1–10 h. It is found that electronic-grade potassium silicate could be easily produced compared to the conventional method of fusion of sand with alkali at 1273–1473 K. The residue from this process is a good-quality activated carbon. A process flowsheet is presented for producing these chemicals with energy recovery aspects from rice husk.

#矽酸鉀 #唯一有高矽質的農業廢棄物

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884207004051
Preparation and characterization of ceramic composites derived from rice husk ash and polysiloxane 巴西
#RHA #CMCs Ceramic matrix composites

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652612001552
Simultaneous preparation of silica and activated carbon from rice husk ash 中國

Silica and activated carbon were simultaneously produced from rice husk ash with K2CO3. The surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1713 m2/g and 4 nm. The maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon was 210 mg/g for methylene blue and the capacitance value reached 190 F/g. The yield of silica reached 96.84% and the particle size was 40–50 nm. Potassium carbonate could be recycled. The entire synthetic procedure was simple, environmental-friendly and economical-effectively.

#碳酸鉀 #簡單環保又經濟實惠 #同時生產矽土與活性碳

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852414010621
Upgrading the rice husk char obtained by flash pyrolysis for the production of amorphous silica and high quality activated carbon 西班牙

Rice husk char is valorised for the joint production of silica and activated carbons.

The overall valorization of rice husk char obtained by flash pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) has been studied in a two-step process. Thus, silica has been recovered in a first step and the remaining carbon material has been subjected to steam activation. The char samples used in this study have been obtained by continuous flash pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor at 500 ° C. Extraction with Na2CO3 allows recovering 88% of the silica contained in the rice husk char. Activation of the silica-free rice husk char has been carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 800 ° C using steam as activating agent. The porous structure of the activated carbons produced includes a combination of micropores and mesopores, with a BET surface area of up to 1365 m2 g−1 at the end of 15 min.

#不定型矽 #活性碳 #裂解出來的稻殼炭富含碳與矽

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0973082608604172
Fluidized bed combustion of rice husk to produce amorphous siliceous ash 馬來西亞

This paper presents research work on producing amorphous siliceous ash with low carbon content through combustion of rice husk in a fluidized bed combustor. Preparation of high-purity amorphous siliceous ash through the conventional alkaline extraction method is time-consuming and costly. Various drawbacks are associated with the preparation of siliceous rice husk ash via thermal treatment of rice husk in existing thermal treatment technologies, the main being the formation of crystals, high residual carbon in ash and long reaction time. Fluidized bed technology is capable of producing amorphous rice husk ash with very low carbon content in a very rapid reaction time due to its high combustion intensity and good mixing behaviour. The achievements and potential areas for development of the current research are also presented. Lastly, the quality of ash has been given particular attention in terms of amorphous nature and carbon content.

#低含碳不定型矽質灰

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852407001332
Effect of fluidising velocity on the combustion of rice husk in a bench-scale fluidised bed combustor for the production of amorphous rice husk ash 馬來西亞
#最適流速

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0272884295909123
Development of Si2N2O, Si3N4 and SiC ceramic materials using rice husk 印度

The presence of silicon in rice husk has been established by its chemical and thermal degradation.
#IR #紅外線光譜

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025157114800
Review Processing, properties and applications of reactive silica from rice husk—an overview 印度

Rice husk is an abundantly available waste material in all rice producing countries. In certain regions, it is sometimes used as a fuel for parboiling paddy in the rice mills. The partially burnt rice husk in turn contributes to more environmental pollution. There have been efforts not only to overcome this but also to find value addition to these wastes using them as secondary source of materials. Rice husk contains nearly 20% silica, which is present in hydrated amorphous form. On thermal treatment, the silica converts to crystobalite, which is a crystalline form of silica. However, under controlled burning conditions, amorphous silica with high reactivity, ultra fine size and large surface area is produced. This micro silica can be a source for preparing advanced materials like SiC, Si3N4, elemental Si and Mg2Si. Due to the high pozzolanic activity, this rice husk silica also finds application in high strength concrete as a substitute for silica fume.

Possibility of using this silica as filler in polymers is also studied. The present paper is an attempt to consolidate and critically analyse the research work carried out so far on the processing, properties and application of rice husk silica in various laboratories and also highlighting some results on the processing and characterization of RHA and reactive silica obtained from it in the authors' laboratory.

#聚合物 #填充料 #填料 #填充劑

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00506333?LI=true
Formation of SiC whiskers from rice husk silica-carbon black mixture: effect of preheat treatment 印度 RVK

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0272884295001247s
Formation of SiC from rice husk silica-carbon black mixture: Effect of rapid heating 印度 RVK

Formation of SiC from rice husk silica and carbon black mixture with Co catalyst, and without any catalyst, has been studied by rapid heating to 1300–1600 ° C. Formation of SiC in CoCl2 treated mixture was rapid at and above 1400 ° C. However, in the untreated mixture considerable quantities of SiC has formed only above 1500 ° C. Total SiC content and SiC whisker yield in the treated mixture were higher than that in the untreated mixture.

#快速加熱的影響 #矽碳混合物

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955221997000939
Conversion of raw rice husks to SiC by pyrolysis in nitrogen atmosphere 印度 RVK TJK

Raw rice husks without precoking were directly pyrolysed in a graphite resistance heating furnace at 1100–1400 ° C in nitrogen atmosphere. The furnace chamber pressure was varied from atmospheric pressure (14.7 Psi or 101.3 KPa) to 24 Psi (165 KPa). Considerable quantities of SiC whiskers were formed at 1200–1400 ° C. Small quantities of Si2N2O were also formed at 1100 and 1200 ° C. No Si3N4 was formed. The increase in chamber pressure has resulted in (i) an increase in the crystallization of silica and carbon in rice husks, (ii) decrease in the formation of SiC whiskers. Pyrolysis in nitrogen atmosphere resulted in the formation of good quality (needle type) SiC whiskers.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955221900001709
Studies on the formation of black particles in rice husk silica ash 印度RVK TJK

The formation of black (carbon fixed) particles in rice husk silica ash has been studied in detail. The formation of black particles in the silica obtained by calcination of raw untreated rice husks, is higher than that in acid treated rice husks. The tendency to form black particles increases with increase in the heating rate and the temperature of calcination of the untreated rice husks. Potassium has been shown to cause the formation of black particles in rice husk silica. By treating with 3.0 N HCl acid the formation of black particles can be avoided. There is no effect of heating rate on the formation of black particles in silica from acid treated rice husks. Treatment with HCl acid was found to decrease the oxidation (burning) of carbon at lower temperature (400° C ).

#SiO2 #酸洗 #鹽酸

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027288429290059M
Studies on the formation of SiC whiskers from pulverized rice husk ashes 印度 RVK MMG

Conversion of rice husk precursors (raw husks, pulverized black ash and mixtures of white ash and carbon black) to silicon carbide through vacuum pyrolysis over a wide temperature range, has been studied. The products of the pyrolysis (SiC whiskers and particles) were analyzed with the help of XRD, SEM and chemical analysis. The present study indicates that a temperature range of 1250–1370° C, carbonaceous substrate, sufficient void space, controlled release of SiO vapour, and the presence of CO are favourable conditions that tend to maximize the formation of SiC whiskers. Under similar experimental conditions, the formation of SiC (w) from rice husk precursors has been observed to increase in the following order: the lowest from the pulverized black ash, intermediate from the white ash and carbon black mixtures, and the highest from the raw rice husks.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/027288429290102J
Distribution of silica in rice husks and its effect on the formation of silicon carbide 印度 RVK MMG

An investigation into the distribution of silica in raw rice husk and its effect on the formation of SiC particles and whiskers is carried out by a detailed study of raw rice husks, burn rice husks and converted rice husks through XPS, XRD and SEM analyses. The present study has revealed that silica is present all over the rice husks. However, the protuberances and hairs on the outer epidermis and the inner epidermis adjacent to the rice kernel are shown to be rich in silica. The XPS and XRD results indicate that silicon in raw rice husks is bonded to organic material. The SEM analysis of the converted rice husks shows that the part of the rice husks rich in carbon (organic materials) tends to form a SiC skeleton structure. It appears that the part of the rice husk rich in silica is the main souirce of SiO for the formation of SiC whiskers through gaseous reaction between SiO and CO.

#一氧化矽

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00277179?LI=true
Studies on the formation of SiC, Si3N4 and Si2N20 during pyrolysis of rice husk 印度 MMG

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00723812?LI=true
Effect of catalysts and temperature on silicon carbide whiskers formation from rice husk 印度 National Metallurgical Laboratory 英國
#電子顯微鏡圖

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0040603186870356
Silica from rice husk through thermal decomposition 印度

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie0100683
Structural Behavior of Rice Husk Silica in Pressurized Hot-Water Treatment Processes 日本
#熱水處理

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669013004160
A detailed study of the effects of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock particle size on the preparation of nanosilica from rice husk 中國

In this paper, an optimized process for preparation of photosensitive nanosilica from rice husk (RH) is described. The rice husk sample was pretreated by soaking in deionized water to remove most of the alkali metals and partial fixed carbon. Most metal oxides, especially alkaline metal oxides and alkaline-earth metal oxides, were removed to a certain extent after the soaking pre-treatment. Soaking pretreatment may remove the hydrogen bonds or extractives between hemi-cellulose and cellulose, which affects the thermal stability of both molecules. To thoroughly analyze the soaking process, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to obtain the mass loss behavior of soaked rice husk. The characteristics of the nanosilica prepared from the method described in this paper are superior to those of fumed silica. The silica content of the nanosilica reached a record of 99.92% in pyrolysis method.

The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: a rice husk feedstock particle size of between 250 and 420 μm, a pyrolysis temperature of approximately 610 ° C, a hydrolysis temperature of 120 ° C, a 1:10 (g/ml) ratio of rice husk to acid, a hydrolysis time of 4 h, and a hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration of 8% (wt.%). A detailed study of the effects of the pyrolysis temperature and feedstock particle size was conducted, filling the gap in systematic research on the nanosilica preparation process using the pyrolysis method. The complete process of pyrolysis for pretreated rice husk is described, including the decomposition of the major constituents, volatilization of gases and the formation of silica. The results of this study provide a deep understanding of nanosilica production by pyrolyzation. The prepared nanosilica is photosensitive and approximately spheroidal with an average particle size of approximately 8–10 nm.

#溫度對矽產物之影響 #奈米級 #入料顆粒大小

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分析
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852499000735
Kinetics of pyrolysis of rice husk 日本印度

The pyrolysis of rice husk in both grain and powder form was investigated to determine the kinetic parameters. Experiments under non-isothermal conditions were carried out for rice husk grain and powder samples in nitrogen, and for rice husk grain samples in carbon dioxide at heating rates of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100° C/min. Experiments were also carried out with rice husk grain samples in nitrogen under isothermal conditions at temperatures 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500° C. From analysis of both the isothermal and non-isothermal data, it was found that pyrolysis proceeds in two distinct temperature zones with a transition at 350° C. The reaction orders were found to be 1.5 in the lower temperature zone and 2.0 in the higher temperature zone. The kinetic parameters obtained from isothermal experiments were found to be consistent with non-isothermal values. A method is proposed for determining the pyrolysis rates at any heating rate.

The method was found to predict satisfactorily the pyrolysis data at different heating rates of rice husk.
#Thermogravimetric analysis

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603103002223
Non-isothermal kinetics of pyrolysis of rice husk 保加利亞

#Non-isothermal kinetics
#Thermogravimetric analysis

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187258131060014X
Experimental study of the effect of acid-washing pretreatment on biomass pyrolysis 中國
#酸洗 #硫酸 #磷酸 #鹽酸前處理 #鉀離子 #減少金屬成分 #焦油增加 #氣體與炭減少

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001623619390391E
The pyrolysis of rice husks in a thermogravimetric analyser and static batch reactor 英國

Rice husks were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser in a nitrogen atmosphere to determine the role of temperature and heating rate on their devolatilization. Heating rates of 5–80 ° C min−1 up to a final temperature of 720 ° C were used. The thermograms showed two main areas of weight loss and the increase in heating rate caused a lateral shift in the thermograms. The pre-exponential factor and activation energies were calculated for each heating rate. The major components of the rice husks — hemicellulose, lignin and two forms of cellulose — were also analysed by thermogravimetric analysis at the different heating rates and compared with the rice husks. The thermograms from the component parts of the rice husks could be directly correlated with the rice husk devolatilization.

Rice husks were also pyrolysed in a static batch reactor at identical conditions to the thermogravimetric analyser to determine the composition of the evolving products during devolatilization.

The major volatiles evolved during lower temperature pyrolysis were CO, CO2 and H2O and at higher temperatures lower concentrations of CO, CO2, H2O, H2, CH4. C2H6 and oil were evolved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669010002694
Thermogravimetric analysis and the optimisation of bio-oil yield from fixed-bed pyrolysis of rice husk using response surface methodology (RSM) 馬來西亞

The effects of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, particle size, holding time, and gas flow rate were investigated to optimize bio-oil yield from rice husk pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed thermal degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, indicating faster decomposition of cellulose compared to lignin. The optimisation process was analysed by employing central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) using Design Expert Version 7.5.1 (StatEase, USA). A two-level fractional factorial was initially carried out and followed by RSM. The statistical analysis showed that pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, particle size and holding time significantly affected the bio-oil yield. By utilising response surface method, these four factors were investigated, analysed and optimal conditions were obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 473.37 ° C, heating rate of 100 ° C/min, particle size of 0.6 mm and holding time of 1 min.

Confirmation runs gave 48.30% and 47.80% of bio-oil yield compared to 48.10% of predicted value. Furthermore, the pyrolytic bio-oils obtained from fixed-bed pyrolysis were examined using gas chromatographic/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) methods, elemental analyzer, pH probe and bomb calorimeter.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1556-276X-7-18
Catalytic pyrolysis of waste rice husk over mesoporous materials 韓國
#催化劑

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie970017z
Thermogravimetric Analysis on Global Mass Loss Kinetics of Rice Hull Pyrolysis 台灣成功

Pyrolyses of rice hulls were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1173 K at heating rates of 10, 30, 60, and 100 K/min. The global mass loss during rice hull pyrolysis was modeled by a combination of the volatile evolutions of four independent parallel lumps: one for moisture and the other three for nonmoisture volatiles. The decomposition of each lump was characterized by a single reaction, first-order with respect to the amount of volatile yet to evolve. The moisture lump evolves mainly at low temperatures with an activation energy of 48 kJ/mol. The activation energies for the evolution of the nonmoisture volatile lumps, which are attributed to the decompositions of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, are 154, 200, and 33 kJ/mol, respectively. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was found.

#實際符合預測

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie980207p
Thermogravimetric Studies on the Kinetics of Rice Hull Pyrolysis and the Influence of Water Treatment 台灣成大

The activation energy for the decomposition of the nonmoisture components was in the order cellulose > hemicellulose > lignin.

It was also found in the present study that the pyrolytic behaviors were significantly influenced by water wash prior to pyrolysis. The water wash elevates the peak temperature and the activation energy for the decomposition of each component of rice hulls. The volatile yields resulting from cellulose and hemicellulose decompositions during rice hull pyrolysis increase due to the water treatment, whereas those from lignin decomposition and the char yield decrease.

#水洗

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953499000227
Determination of kinetic parameters of rice husks in oxygen using thermogravimetric analysis 加拿大 KGM AEG

Rice husks, as a renewable source of energy, can provide a continuous supply of liquid and gaseous fuels through thermochemical conversion processes.
#Activation energy #Pre-exponential factor #反應順序

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096195349900046X
Air gasification of rice husk in a dual distributor type fluidized bed gasifier 加拿大 KGM AEG AMAT FH VIU

In this study, a dual distributor type fluidized bed gasifier was used for the air gasification of rice husk in view of producing fuel gas.
#氣化

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00908310050014243
Mathematical Modeling of a Fluidized Bed Rice Husk Gasifier: Part I-Model Development 加拿大 KGM AEG AMAT FH VIU
#氣化 #數學模型

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852409006828
Characteristics of rice husk gasification in an entrained flow reactor 中國
#氣化

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953402000429
Design and operation of a CFB gasification and power generation system for rice husk 中國
#CFB循環式流體化床 #發電系統設計

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混合原料
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852408000795
Production of activated carbon from bagasse and rice husk by a single-stage chemical activation method at low retention times 希臘

The production of activated carbon from bagasse and rice husk by a single-stage chemical activation method in short retention times (30–60 min) was examined in this study. The raw materials were subjected to a chemical pretreatment and were fed to the reactor in the form of a paste (75% moisture). Chemicals examined were ZnCl2, NaOH and H3PO4, for temperatures of 600, 700 and 800 ° C. Of the three chemical reagents under evaluation only ZnCl2 produced activated carbons with high surface areas. BET surface areas for rice husk were up to 750 m2/g for 1:1 ZnCl2:rice husk ratio. BET surface areas for bagasse were up to 674 m2/g for 0.75:1 ZnCl2:bagasse ratio. Results were compared to regular two-stage physical activation methods.

#活性碳 #甘蔗渣 #活性碳

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894708000223
Adsorption of polluting substances on activated carbons prepared from rice husk and sugarcane bagasse 希臘西班牙
#甘蔗渣 #活性碳 #汙染處理 #掩埋場汙水 #砷 #酚 #吸附 #腐植酸humic acid

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211007845
Microwave-induced torrefaction of rice husk and sugarcane residues 台灣台大、明志
#甘蔗渣 #微波

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852406001660
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bio-crudes from induction-heating pyrolysis of biomass wastes 台灣嘉藥
#PAH #稻梗 #甘蔗渣 #椰子殼 #生物質 #生質油 #生質燃油 #GCMS #農業廢棄物

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852403001470
Pyrolysis of plant, animal and human waste: physical and chemical characterization of the pyrolytic products
#動物廢棄物 #植物廢棄物 #牛隻生物固體廢棄物 #牛糞 #化糞池汙泥 #淤泥 #人類廢棄物 #甘蔗渣

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237006000891
Pyrolysis behaviors of rice straw, rice husk, and corncob by TG-MS technique 泰國

The pyrolysis behaviors of rice straw, rice husk, and corncob have been investigated with the TG-MS technique, while paying close attention to the gas formation during the pyrolysis. The weight decreasing profiles and the gas formation rates were significantly different among the samples although their elemental compositions were almost the same. It was found that H2O is the main product formed for all the samples.

The differences in the gas formation rates were found to be due to their differences in the composition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.

There were significant interactions between cellulose and lignin during the pyrolysis.
#產物成分含水 #玉米梗 #纖維質 #木質素

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236107002177
Kinetic analyses of biomass pyrolysis using the distributed activation energy model 泰國

The evolving rates of the gaseous products during the pyrolysis such as H2, CH4, H2O, CO and CO2 were also measured by the TG-MS techniques.
#稻梗 #玉米梗 #纖維質

http://rdo.psu.ac.th/sjstweb/journal/30-3/0125-3395-30-3-393-404.pdf
Product yields and characteristics of rice husk, rice straw and corncob during fast pyrolysis in a drop-tube/fixed-bed reactor 泰國

Fast pyrolysis of rice husk, rice straw and corncob were investigated in a newly constructed drop-tube/fixed-bed reactor, which enables pyrolysis experiments under conditions closely simulating those occurring in commercial gasifiers such as fluidised-bed gasifiers. Biomass samples were pyrolysed with a fast heating rate (i.e. > 1,000oC s-1), up to 850oC and holding times ranging from 1 to 10,800 seconds. Within 1 second after the biomass was injected into the reactor, considerable weight loss occurred instantaneously, leaving only a small amount of char, i.e. ~10-30 %. For all three samples, theweight loss continued throughout the range of holding times used but at an extremely slow rate, i.e. 1.3 % hr-1.

The weight loss rates observed for the three biomass samples were affected by the proportion of the biomass chemical components as well as the metal species contents. Corncob, which had the lowest lignin content but highest cellulose content, had the highest pyrolysis weight loss rate. On the other hand, rice husk containing a relatively high lignin content, had the lowest pyrolysis rate. The metal species (Na, K, Ca and Mg) were found to increase devolatilisation yield depending on their contents in biomass. The influence of the metal species was the most pronounced for rice straw, having the highest total metal species content. As the pyrolysis progressed, each biomass exhibited different char characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures clearly showed the individual changes in geometry for all biomass-derived chars as well as their decrease in combustion reactivities.

The gas formation profiles for all three biomass samples showed almost the same trend, with CO contributed by cellulose decomposition as the major gas product.
#金屬元素 #稻草 #稻梗 #玉米梗

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544298000371
Pyrolysis rates of biomass materials 印度日本

A method is proposed by which pyrolysis rates of biomass materials can be predicted from the species compositions in terms of the basic constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and their individual kinetic parameters. The activation energies, frequency factors and reaction orders for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin have been determined in a conventional manner. The measured rates of pyrolysis of different biomass species (hazelnut, wood, olive husk and rice husk) compare well with literature data.

#榛果 #橄欖殼 #木柴 #木頭

https://www.researchgate.net/profile...s/55920b9408aed6ec4bf85c39.pdf

Thermogravimetry Study on Pyrolysis of Various Lignocellulosic Biomass for Potential Hydrogen Production
#油棕櫚殼 #油棕櫚葉 #Oil Palm Frond #木質纖維 #半纖維

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/1...ID-ELSC197>3.0.CO;2-8/abstract
Biomass Pyrolysis in an Argon/Hydrogen Plasma Reactor
#木柴 #氣化 #電漿爐

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016236195800138
Influence of mineral matter on biomass pyrolysis characteristics 印度

Studies on wood and twelve other types of biomass showed that in general, deashing increased the volatile yield, initial decomposition temperature and rate of pyrolysis. However, coir pith, groundnut shell and rice husk showed an increase in char yield on deashing, which is attributed to their high lignin, potassium and zinc contents. These results were supported by studies on salt-impregnated, acid-soaked and synthetic biomass. A correlation was developed to predict the influence of ash on volatile yield. On deashing, liquid yield increased and gas yield decreased for all the biomass studied. The active surface area increased on deashing. The heating value of the liquid increased, whereas the increase in char heating value was only marginal.

#椰子殼纖維餅 #花生殼 #土豆殼 #礦物質

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236105000220
Comparative studies of oil compositions produced from sawdust, rice husk, lignin and cellulose by hydrothermal treatment 日本

http://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-environmental-sciences/jes18-2-33
Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel 中國

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096085240901757X
Experimental and numerical study of biomass flash pyrolysis in an entrained flow reactor 中國

https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/tcsae/abstracts/2007/1/2007.1.036
Experimental research on low temperature pyrolysis of biomass extrusion bar of rice husk and sawdust 中國

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RLHX604.010.htm
STUDY ON PYROLYSIS AND HYDROPYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS AND COPYROLYSIS BETWEEN BIOMASS AND COAL 中國
#煤 #稻梗 #水解 #生物質 #日本NEDO資助

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef7005589?journalCode=enfuem
Characterization of Biomass Chars Formed under Different Devolatilization Conditions: Differences between Rice Husk and Eucalyptus 西班牙

A comparison between the properties of chars produced by pyrolysis of rice husk and eucalyptus at different temperatures and heating rates has been performed. Low heating rate (LHR) devolatilization experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 600 to 900 ° C, while a fluidized bed reactor was used for preparing chars at high heating rate (HHR) and temperatures of 800 and 900 ° C. The morphological changes in carbonaceous solids produced in the different thermal treatments were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra were obtained to evaluate the degree of char structural order. The chars were characterized by their ultimate analysis, oxygen functional group content, and CO2 adsorption at 0 ° C using the Dubinin–Radushkevich method. The results obtained from the different techniques were contrasted to give an overview of the chemical and physical properties of the biomass char samples studied.

The influence of the parent material and char properties on char reactivity toward O2 and NO reduction was further investigated. It was found that, though rice husk chars have a greater reactivity toward oxygen, the NO reduction ability was significantly higher for the eucalyptus chars.

#尤加利樹 #原物料 #親物料 #Parent Material

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-013-3503-7
Characterization and comparative study of pyrolysis kinetics of the rice husk and the elephant grass 巴西
#芒草 #象草 #ATSM

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-005-0785-4
Thermogravimetric analysis of composites obtained from sintering of rice husk-scrap tire mixtures 阿根廷西班牙

The disposal of used automotive tires has caused many environmental and economical problems to most countries. We propose the use of rice husk as filler for increasing the value of recycled tire rubber. Thermal degradation of both components and their sintering mixtures is presented in this paper.

Thermal decomposition of rice husk occurs in various steps in the temperature range between 150 and 550° C. This complex process is the result of the overlapping of thermal decomposition of the three major constituents common in all lignocellulosic materials, i.e., hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose. Hemicellulose is degraded at temperatures between 150 and 350° C, cellulose from 275 to 380° C and lignin from 250 to 550° C. The degradation process of major constituents of scrap tires or their composites is observed at temperatures between 150 and 550° C. For composites, the addition of rice husk (maximum 25%) produces an increase in the mass loss rate. This effect is higher as the amount of rice husk increases.

However, the degradation initial temperature of elastomeric matrix is not affected with addition of rice husk. Apparent kinetic parameters were also studied by the isoconversional Friedman method. We observed that the addition of rice husk produces a decrease in apparent activation energy for low conversions (up to 0.6).

For higher conversions this decrease was not so clearly observed.
#廢輪胎 #橡膠 #thermal degradation #apparent kinetic parameters #rice husk #rubber composites

--------
其他
--------

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237005001907
Fast pyrolysis of rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an induction-heating reactor 台灣嘉藥

With the application of induction heating, a fast pyrolysis was used for producing valuable products from rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell in an externally heated fixed-bed reactor. The effect of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and holding time on the yields of pyrolysis products and their chemical compositions were investigated. The maximum yield of ca. 50% on the pyrolysis liquid product could be obtained at the proper process conditions. The chemical characterization by elemental (CHNO), calorific, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) showed that the pyrolysis liquid products contain large amounts of water (>65 wt.%), and fewer contents of oxygenated hydrocarbons composing of carbonyl groups, resulting in low pH and low heating values. The results were very similar to bio-oils obtained from other biomass materials. The residual solid (char or charcoal) was also characterized in the present study.

#椰子殼 #甘蔗渣 #稻梗

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148106000735
Effect of cellulose and lignin content on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics for several types of biomass 日本

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236108003633
Is it possible to predict gas yields of any biomass after rapid pyrolysis at high temperature from its composition in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin? 法國
#纖維質 #半纖維質 #木質素 #氣化 #預測氣體產量

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953407002048
Thermogravimetric characterization of corn stover as gasification and pyrolysis feedstock 美國
#玉米梗

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001623610700110X
Kinetic study of Chinese biomass slow pyrolysis: Comparison of different kinetic models 中國德國
#中國生物質 #比較

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107001141
A review on gasification of biomass 印度
#生物質氣化

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032112001451
A review on utilisation of biomass from rice industry as a source of renewable energy 馬來西亞
#稻梗 #稻米產業 #農業廢棄物 #可更新能源

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890403001778
Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks 土耳其
#升級 #Thermogravimetry #農業廢棄物 #食物加工廢棄物 #工業廢棄物 #製作化學原料 #MSW #城市廢棄物 #葉子 #herbaceous

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clen.200900138/abstract
A Study of the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Copper Adsorption Using Chemically Modified Rice Husk 印度

The use of rice husk as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of copper from wastewater has been explored in a laboratory scale experiment. The rice husk used for the study was treated with alkali to increase the sorption properties. The influence of metal ion concentration, weight of biosorbent, stirring rates, temperature and pH were also evaluated, and the results are fitted using adsorption isotherm models. From the experimental results it was observed that almost 90–98% of the copper could be removed using treated rice husk. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Freundlich isotherm and Tempkin isotherm models were used to describe the distribution of copper between the liquid and solid phases in batch studies, and it was observed that the Langmuir isotherm better represented the adsorption phenomenon. The experimental rate constant, activation energy, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of the reaction were calculated in order to determine the mechanism of the sorption process.

#稻殼活性碳 #汙染處理 #重金屬移除 #二價銅

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie980152r
Hydrogenation of CO2 over a Rice Husk Ash Supported Nickel Catalyst Prepared by Deposition−Precipitation 台灣中央 FWC
#氫化 #二氧化碳

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X00004646
Characterization of rice husk ash-supported nickel catalysts prepared by ion exchange 台灣中央 MTT FWC
#離子交換

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X00007729
Hydrogenation of CO2 over nickel catalysts supported on rice husk ash prepared by ion exchange 台灣中央 FWC MTT
#離子交換 #氫化 #二氧化碳 #RHA

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X03001819
Hydrogenation of CO2 over nickel catalysts on rice husk ash-alumina prepared by incipient wetness impregnation 台灣中央 FWC MTT
#氫化 #二氧化碳 #Spinel

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X03000504
Dehydrogenation of ethanol over copper catalysts on rice husk ash prepared by incipient wetness impregnation 台灣中央 FWC
#脫水 #乙醇 #酒精 #銅催化劑 #濕度 #RHA

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926337314000381
In-situ catalytic conversion of tar using rice husk char-supported nickel-iron catalysts for biomass pyrolysis/gasification 日本中國
#稻殼活性碳 #汙染處理 #焦油 #現地處理

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861711007685
Chlorine-free extraction of cellulose from rice husk and whisker isolation 巴西
#無氯萃取

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953409001858
Evaluation of wet air oxidation as a pretreatment strategy for bioethanol production from rice husk and process optimization 印度
#前處理 #濕氣 #生物酒精 #生質乙醇

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884603000383
Performance of rice husk ash produced using a new technology as a mineral admixture in concrete 加拿大
#埃及米殼 #Silica fume #混凝土 #RHA #摻和物 #controlled combustion #焚燒農廢物

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852406006420
Co-firing coal with rice husk and bamboo and the impact on particulate matters and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions 香港
#焚燒農廢物 #煤 #竹 #PAH

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852411007863
Preparation of carbon black from rice husk by hydrolysis, carbonization and pyrolysis 中國
#水解 #碳化 #裂解

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382009002914
Effect of cellulose, lignin, alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on biomass pyrolysis and gasification 中國
#氣化 #鹼 #纖維質 #木質素

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie060344j
Removal of Arsenic in Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Waste Rice Husk - Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (ACS Publications) 日本孟加拉
#去除汙染物 #砷 #水汙染

http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=HMJGBP_2001_v29n3_59
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Rice Husk Flour for a New Raw Material of Lignocellulosic Fiber-Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 韓國
#熱塑性塑膠

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852409006567
Bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis of waste furniture sawdust in a fluidized bed 韓國
#家具業木屑 #生質燃油

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※ 作者: Ctea 時間: 2016-02-19 14:00:12
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-02-19 14:02:34

http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site/Porta...-Energy/Precipitated Slica.pdf
Precipitated Silica from Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk silica - YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynanlA1S84w
Silica extracted from rice husks used in new tires
- News Direct

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYwUyLplByE
Goodyear Reaches Supply Agreements for Rice Husk Ash Silica
- Goodyear
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynanlA1S84w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjbwcOZFU9o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgA3pJe9CpU
Rice Hull Ash
- Earthbag Natural Building
#米殼磚

http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/
Natural Building Blog
#自然工法 #自然建材 #綠建築 #永續建築

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-02-26 10:23:41
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-03-02 09:00:00

http://rbth.com/science_and_tech/201...ce_out_of_rice_husk_40327.html
Green chemistry in Russia: Creating commerce out of rice husks | Russia Beyond The Headlines
#俄國 #俄羅斯 #米殼 #不定型矽

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KU1HrM67Ms
Greener Silica from Rice

米殼 (Husk, chaff & Rice hulls)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_hulls
The husk protects the seed during the growing season, since it is formed from hard materials, including opaline silica and lignin. The hull is mostly indigestible to humans.

Combustion of rice hulls affords rice husk ash (acronym RHA). This ash is a potential source of amorphous reactive silica, which has a variety of applications in materials science.

> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_dioxide
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piasek_kwarcowy.jpg
Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production
#石英砂 #二氧化矽

> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_hulls
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batujaya
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bata_Candi-candi_Batujaya.JPG
#米殼磚 #考古 #神廟 #印尼 #古蹟

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-05-26 15:34:40
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-05-26 15:35:20
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-05-27 11:11:20

rice husk weight ratio - Google 搜尋
http://www.ricehuskash.com/details.htm
Rice Husk Ash
So for every 1000 kgs of paddy milled , about 220 kgs ( 22 % ) of husk is produced , and when this husk is burnt in the boilers , about 55 kgs ( 25 % ) of RHA is generated.
#比例比重
http://www.cse.fau.edu/~maria/laccei/Papers/Processed/MAT050_Reddy.doc
RICE HUSK ASH PROPERTIES - FAU College of Engineering
Rice husk is generated on average at a 20% rate by weight of the rice that is processed.
#米殼 #水泥 #混凝土 #永續性 #RHA
https://www.researchgate.net/publica...alloy_matrix_hybrid_composites
Influence of rice husk ash - Silicon carbide weight ratios on the mechanical behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloy matrix hybrid composites
http://www.tribology.fink.rs/journals/2013/2013-2/10.pdf
Influence of Rice Husk Ash – Silicon Carbide Weight Ratios on the Mechanical behaviour of Al‐Mg‐Si Alloy Matrix Hybrid Composites - Microsoft Word - Alaneme and Adewale (1)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0390551980900459
Thermal insulations from rice husk ash, an agricultural waste
http://www.european-poultry-science....TQyMTk5MzEmTUlEPTE2MTAxNA.html
Effect of rice husk diluted dietary switching on body weight, carcass yield and digestive tract of adult ganders - Archiv für Geflügelkunde
#稀釋
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21462721
Effect of chemical and thermal activations on the properties of rice husk ash-based solidified wastes. - PubMed - NCBI
#活化

https://www.zauba.com/export-RICE+HUSK+ASH/hs-code-26219000-hs-code.html
Export Data and Price of rice husk ash under HS Code 26219000 | Zauba
#米殼灰出口價格

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-relea...orecast-to-2020-300246740.html
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0369382...graphy-Global-Forecast-to.html
Rice Husk Ash Market by Application and Geography - Global Forecast to 2020

rice husk ash site:http://www.prnewswire.com/ - Google 搜尋

http://gala.gre.ac.uk/12130/1/Doc-0494.pdf
Production of high quality rice husk ash

Production of high quality rice husk ash The price of rice husk ash on the European market is US$ 270 per MT ex mill in 10kg bags and the quantities required by European industry is estimated at 600 to 700 tonnes per month (Garibaldi, August 1991).

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15138.pdf
RICE HUSK ASH MARKET STUDY (2003)

Rice husk is unusually high in ash compared to other biomass fuels – close to 20%. The ash is 92 to 95% silica, highly porous and lightweight, with a very high external surface area. Its absorbent and insulating properties are useful to many industrial applications.

The current market prices are $8.56 for a 44kg bag, equivalent to US$940 per tonne.

http://www.bvucoepune.edu.in/pdf's/Publications_2004-2011/Publications_2006-07/IC_2006-07/IC14_2008-09.pdf
Potential of Rice Husk in India - BVU College of Engineering, Pune ...

Farmers are getting very less prices for their paddy harvested.
#米賤傷農 #米價 #影印掃描檔

http://gala.gre.ac.uk/12130/1/Doc-0494.pdf
Production of high quality rice husk ash

http://www.rcogenasia.com/BiomassPowerCogenSub.php?bid=1&pid=4
Renewable Cogen Asia

http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site2/Port...o-Energy/PrecipitatedSlica.pdf
Precipitated Silica from Rice Husk Ash - CGPL

http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-0000...c904ce56d8418529257.7&gt=1
Malawi: The use of rice-husk and bagasse ash as building material*
#馬拉威

http://cvbt-web.org/?q=Rice-Husk-Ash-Cement
Rice Husk Ash Cement | Center for Vocational Building Technology

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Ashes+to+bricks/1/93200.html
Ashes to bricks : Cover Story - India Today 26042010
#磚頭

http://pellets-wood.com/rice-husk-pellets-b530.html
Rice husk pellets price suppliers manufacturers
粒狀燃料專賣店

via rice husk ash market price - Google 搜尋

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-06-08 18:01:11

https://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/crystalline-factsheet.pdf
What is crystalline silica? - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

http://www.ricehuskash.com/details.htm
So for every 1000 kgs of paddy milled , about 220 kgs ( 22 % ) of husk is produced , and when this husk is burnt in the boilers , about 55 kgs ( 25 % ) of RHA is generated.

https://www.researchgate.net/publica...k_in_India_a_Literature_Review
http://www.bvucoepune.edu.in/pdf's/Publications_2004-2011/Publications_2006-07/IC_2006-07/IC14_2008-09.pdf
Waste to Wealth - Potential of Rice Husk in India a Literature Review - BVU College

Every year approximately J 20 million tones of paddy is produced in India. This gives around 24 million tones of rice husk and 4.4 mil/ion tones of Rice Husk Ash every year.
Every year approximately 120 million tones of paddy is produced in India. This gives around 24 million tones of rice husk and 4.4 million tones of Rice Husk Ash every year.

#掩埋場 #Landfill #稻米處理後，16-25%會變成米殼
#印度米殼每年產量約24Million tonnes
#印度稻米年產量120M ton

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ric...sd-by-2020-2016-03-08-42035840
Rice Husk Ash Market Worth 2.42 Billion USD by 2020 - MarketWatch
via rice husk ash market price - Google 搜尋

http://www.mynewsdesk.com/us/pressre...lysis-forecast-to-2021-1347273
Global Rice Husk Ash Market Analysis & Forecast to 2021 - Orbis Research

http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.berr.gov.uk/files/file15138.pdf
EXP 129 - UK Government Web Archive

http://www.cse.fau.edu/~maria/laccei/Papers/Processed/MAT050_Reddy.doc
[DOC] RICE HUSK ASH PROPERTIES

http://waset.org/publications/100008...h-to-produce-concrete-in-india
Prospective Use of Rice Husk Ash to Produce Concrete in India

http://www.renewableenergy.org.vn/in...a6bb8returnid=101&page=101
Summary of Policy Guidelines for Developing Support Mechanisms for Grid-connected Bioenergy Power in Viet Nam

http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/latin-america-adhesives-sealants-industry.html
Latin America Adhesives and Sealants Market- Industry Analysis, Forecast 2013-2019

via "rice husk ash" market price USD per ton - Google 搜尋

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-07-13 18:00:07

http://aaccipublications.aaccnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.4.484
Silica Gel from Rice Hull Ash: Preparation and Characterization — Cereal Chemistry Journal

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-011-0609-3
Harvesting silica nanoparticles from rice husks
#Biogenic silica #奈米 #controlled pyrolysis #crystalline phase #攝氏700度 #移除碳化物質 #鉀離子 #催化劑

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230013002158
Crystalline silica in heated man-made vitreous fibres- A review
#攝氏900~1400度 #人造玻璃纖維

http://www.nanoient.org/download_file.php?id=3&&file=ENT121016.pdf
Tire pyrolysis yield: solid char, 30-40; liquid residue, 40-60; and gases, 5-20 wt%. Solid carbon residue may be used as reinforcement in rubber industry or fuel.

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-07-15 17:30:01

稻梗

http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/35/34097.pdf
Yields and property variations for rice straw in California
Rice straw for energy production: cost, energy and ..
#加州

http://www.carrb.com/84rpt/StrawUses.htm
Economic Uses for Rice Straw 84

The gasification process

The straw is processed through a hammer mill before entering the fuel-feed system. The system can convert 500 to 1,000 pounds of rice straw per hour to hot raw producer gas that captures 60 to 65 percent of the energy in the raw fuel.

http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat9/sub63/item344.html
RICE AGRICULTURE IN CHINA | Facts and Details
#稻米在中國

http://www.mekarn.org/sarec03/huebavi.htm
Study on processing and utilizing of rice straw as feed resources for sheep in Vietnam
#越南羊飼料

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10333-008-0116-z
Effect of rice straw management and organic fertilizer application on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice | SpringerLink
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_4886_c8dbb9077495d19d7e85554792d42439.pdf

http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_4886_c8dbb9077495d19d7e85554792d42439.pdf
Effects of Rice Straw Incorporation on Some Physical Characteristics of Paddy Soils

http://www.carrb.com/84rpt/StrawUses.htm
Economic Uses for Rice Straw 84
#PAPER AND DISSOLVING-GRADE PULPS
#可溶解紙漿

#稻米稻殼稻杆 #比例
paddy stalk weight - Google 搜尋

http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/rice-straw/
rice straw | BioEnergy Consult

Rice Straw
1 ton of Rice paddy produces 290 kg Rice Straw
290 kg Rice Straw can produce 100 kWh of power
Calorific value = 2400 kcal/kg

Rice Husk
1 ton of Rice paddy produces 220 kg Rice Husk
1 ton Rice Husk is equivalent to 410- 570 kWh electricity
Calorific value = 3000 kcal/kg
Moisture content = 5 – 12%

https://www.researchgate.net/publica...rties_carbon_and_energy_yields
Slow pyrolysis of rice straw: Analysis of products properties, carbon and energy yields (PDF Download Available)

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-12-14 13:39:26

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