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※ [本文轉錄自 Ancient 看板 #1ICSDRZL ]

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先說其實我對於Calakmul的歷史不是很熟悉。




※ 引述《shinshong (鍋は人生の縮図である)》之銘言：
: Beheaded Maya Massacre Victims Found
: 發現馬雅時期被斬首的屠殺犧牲者
: Two dozen Maya war captives were beheaded, dismembered, and buried
: unceremoniously some 1,400 years ago at the site of Uxul, an international
: team reported on Tuesday.
: 星期二，一個國際研究團隊發表，在墨西哥 Uxul 發現24名被斬首、肢解、亂葬的
: 馬雅戰俘，距今約1400年前。
: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------




: The victims were likely rulers of nearby towns at war with Uxul, located in
: southern Mexico, or the dethroned rulers of the town itself, according to the
: researchers. The discovery of the mass burial in an artificial cave adds to
: the evidence that the brutal warfare, torture, and sacrifice of captives widely
: depicted in ancient Maya artwork were real practices, says discovery team
: archaeologist Nicolaus Seefeld of Germany's University of Bonn.
: 這些骨骸也許是與 Uxul 交戰的鄰近城鎮的統治者，位於南墨西哥，或者是被罷黜王位的
: 本地統治者。「這次在這個人造洞穴發現的亂葬崗，使得原本廣泛地被描繪在馬雅藝術品
: 上的殘酷戰鬥及對戰俘的凌虐有了確切的證據。」研究團隊中的德國波昂大學考古學家
: Nicolaus Seefeld 如是說。



基本上，1950年到1960年的馬雅研究，可以說是英國人Eric Thompson的時代。
他的基本假設有幾個：

1.馬雅是一個愛好和平的民族。（這個假設，我記得在2000年左右的台灣高中
歷史教科書，還有些版本是這樣寫的）

2.馬雅文字只是曆法、宗教儀式，沒有記載歷史。



http://www.inah.gob.mx/paseos/Bonapak/tour.html

如果懶的找，就看這邊的圖
http://0rz.tw/G54jx

基本上，這個壁畫顯示了馬雅人暴力的一面，一群戰俘跪著，指甲可能已經被
拔掉，並且留著血。另外已經有人可能被支解，躺在底下。

這篇報導中寫到「使得原本廣泛地被描繪在馬雅藝術的場景有了確切的證據」
可能就是指這個部份。

: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Of the two dozen skeletons discovered at the site earlier this year, the team
: was able to determine that at least 13 were men and 2 were women. Their ages
: at death ranged from 18 to 42. "Some of them had jade inserts in their teeth,
: which we think means they were high-status members of the ruling class," says
: Seefeld.
: 在這24具骨骸中，研究團隊判斷至少有13名男性與2名女性，死亡時的年紀在18到42歲之
: 間，「有些人的牙齒有鑲玉，表示他們是具有高地位的統治階層。」Seefeld 說。



我忘記有沒有短暫的營養不良會不會對牙齒造成影響。這就有待體質人類學的強
者鄉民教我一下。



: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: "All of them were decapitated, and the bones were scattered," Seefeld adds.
: The neck bones of the victims exhibit hatchet cuts, and several of the skulls
: bear unhealed marks from hatchet and cudgel blows. The skulls were piled some
: distance away from the skeletons in the burial chamber, a 344-square-foot
: (32-square-meter) rectangular cave once used to store water.
: 「所有人都被斬首，骨頭四處散佈。」Seefeld 補充道。頸骨部位顯示出斧頭的砍痕，一
: 些頭顱受到斧頭與棍棒的重擊。頭顱被堆放在一起，在墓穴中與骨骸分開堆放，而這墓穴
: 面積為344平方英尺（32平方公尺），是曾經被用來儲水的矩形洞穴。　
: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
: The victims were buried without any of the offerings or jewelry typically
: seen in royal burials, aside from a few potsherds that allowed the researchers
: to roughly date the time of their massacre. At the time, Uxul was apparently
: ruled by a local dynasty, though it later came under the control of Calakmul.
: The latter city was the superpower of the classic Maya era, which ended after
: A.D. 800 with the widespread abandonment, or collapse, of the pyramid-filled
: cities of Central America.
: 這些死者被埋葬時，並沒有一般貴族喪禮中會出現的祭品或是寶物，除了一些瓦片，讓研
: 究人員可以推敲出這場慘案大概的發生時間。在當時，Uxul 地區被當地的王朝統治，雖
: 然在後來被納入 Calakmul 城邦的統治之下。後者（指 Calakmul）曾是中美洲馬雅古典時
: 期的強大勢力（superpower），在西元800年時沒落，留下大規模的廢墟。
: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: "Most likely these were soldiers dispatched after being captured in warfare,
: or else [were] the local rulers themselves after being usurped," says
: archaeologist Arthur Demarest of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, who was
: not part of the discovery team.
: 「最有可能的是，這些是戰爭中被捕獲的戰士，不然就是被篡奪王位的本地統治者。」
: 納什維爾范德堡大學的考古學家 Arthur Demarest 說道。
: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Seefeld originally investigated the burial site looking to unearth the water
: system of the town, which was abandoned before A.D. 800, early in the era of
: Maya collapse. Instead of a cistern, he found the buried skeletons under 6.6
: feet (2 meters) of sand and a layer of clay. "The cave once provided water to
: nearby elite residences, but we don't know if there is any connection to the
: people who lived there," he says.
: Seefeld 原本是在調查西元800年之前被遺棄的城鎮水道系統。但是他找到了這個在2公尺
: 的砂與一層黏土底下的埋骨洞穴。「這個洞穴曾經為附近的高級居住區提供水，但我們不
: 曉得是否與居住在那裡的人有任何關聯。」Seefeld 說。
: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: For now, the team hopes that chemical isotope analysis of the bones will reveal
: whether the beheading victims were local nobles or invaders captured during a
: war between Maya cities. The results should be known in November, Seefeld says,
: offering more insight into who won and who lost this one particularly fierce
: fight.
: 目前，研究團隊希望同位素分析這些骨骸，能知道這些被斬首的死者是本地權貴或是在馬
: 雅城邦間的戰爭中被俘虜的入侵者。分析結果將會在十一月出爐，能更深入了解這場戰鬥
: 中誰輸誰贏。





以上

有認真看完的舉手。

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※ 轉錄者: mayaman (114.36.215.126), 時間: 09/12/2013 21:36:55

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(mayaman.): Fw: [新聞] 墨西哥發現馬雅時期被斬首的俘虜骨骸 - Gossiping板