---

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses#Historicity
Moses §  Historicity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus#Origins_and_historicity
The Exodus §  Origins and historicity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus#Historicity
Book of Exodus §  Historicity

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus
 Sources and parallels of the Exodus

= 分隔線 =

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible
Historicity of the Bible

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus
Textual variants in the Book of Exodus

--
※ 作者: Ctea 時間: 2020-02-11 15:42:12 (台灣) * Created by 202506051700
[= #Exodus出埃及記 #Moses摩西
: ↓ Massively moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-f79S by 202506051700

= 摩西 ＆ 出埃及記 =

: Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-9rHB

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/people-in-the-bible/pharaoh-king-punished-god/
Who was the Egyptian pharaoh challenged Moses?

via https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/2019/01/egypts-pharaohs-delivered-divine-justice-beyond-grave
Egypt's pharaohs delivered divine justice from beyond the grave | National Geographic

#聖經

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-11-06 16:58:03 (台灣)

https://cl-ministry.org/2006/06/09/1053/
「以色人曾在埃及」的考古新証據

在研究出埃及事件的學者中，歷來都分為兩個大陣營，就是「信」與「不信」的陣營

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-13 21:11:51, 21:12:58 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses#Historicity

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses&oldid=1175409101#Historicity

#摩西是否真實存在

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-24 10:33:48 (台灣)

【筆記】摩西跟亞瑟王一樣都是多名歷史人物的混成體
#日記
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-27 20:39:56 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses#Historicity

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moses&oldid=1176817893#Historicity

Scholars hold different opinions on the status of Moses in scholarship.^[62][63] For instance, according to William G. Dever, the modern scholarly consensus is that the biblical person of Moses is largely mythical while also holding that "a Moses-like figure may have existed somewhere in the southern Transjordan in the mid-late 13th century B.C." and that "archeology can do nothing" to prove or confirm either way.^[63][64] However, according to Solomon Nigosian, there are actually three prevailing views among biblical scholars: one is that Moses is not a historical figure, another which strives to anchor the decisive role he played in Israelite religion, and a third that argues there are elements of both history and legend from which "these issues are hotly debated unresolved matters among scholars".^[62] According to Brian Britt, there is divide amongst scholars when discussing matters on Moses that threatens gridlock.^[65] According to the official Torah commentary for Conservative Judaism, it is irrelevant if the historical Moses existed, calling him "the folkloristic, national hero".^[66][67]

Jan Assmann argues that it cannot be known if Moses ever lived because there are no traces of him outside tradition.^[68] Though the names of Moses and others in the biblical narratives are Egyptian and contain genuine Egyptian elements, no extrabiblical sources point clearly to Moses.^[69][70][71] No references to Moses appear in any Egyptian sources prior to the fourth century BCE, long after he is believed to have lived. No contemporary Egyptian sources mention Moses, or the events of Exodus–Deuteronomy, nor has any archaeological evidence been discovered in Egypt or the Sinai wilderness to support the story in which he is the central figure.^[72] David Adams Leeming states that Moses is a mythic hero and the central figure in Hebrew mythology.^[73] The Oxford Companion to the Bible states that the historicity of Moses is the most reasonable (albeit not unbiased) assumption to be made about him as his absence would leave a vacuum that cannot be explained away.^[74] Oxford Biblical Studies states that although few modern scholars are willing to support the traditional view that Moses himself wrote the five books of the Torah, there are certainly those who regard the leadership of Moses as too firmly based in Israel's corporate memory to be dismissed as pious fiction.^[75]

- - - -

The story of Moses' discovery follows a familiar motif in ancient Near Eastern mythological accounts of the ruler who rises from humble origins.^[76][77] For example, in the account of the origin of Sargon of Akkad (23rd century BC):



 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad

Moses' story, like those of the other patriarchs, most likely had a substantial oral prehistory^[79] (he is mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah^[80] and the Book of Isaiah)^{[81] and his name is apparently very ancient, as the tradition found in Exodus no longer understands its original meaning.[^][29][^][82]} Nevertheless, the completion of the Torah and its elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or more about combining older texts as writing new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions.^[83] Isaiah,^[84] written during the Exile (i.e., in the first half of the 6th century BCE), testifies to tension between the people of Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the father of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Exodus and not with Abraham.^[85] The conclusion to be inferred from this and similar evidence (e.g., the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah) is that the figure of Moses and the story of the Exodus must have been preeminent among the people of Judah at the time of the Exile and after, serving to support their claims to the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.^[85]

- - - -

A theory developed by Cornelis Tiele in 1872, which has proved influential, argued that Yahweh was a Midianite god, introduced to the Israelites by Moses, whose father-in-law Jethro was a Midianite priest.^[86] It was to such a Moses that Yahweh reveals his real name, hidden from the Patriarchs who knew him only as El Shaddai.^[87 Against this view is the modern consensus that most of the Israelites were native to Palestine.^{[88][89][90][91][92][93][94]} Martin Noth argued that the Pentateuch uses the figure of Moses, originally linked to legends of a Transjordan conquest, as a narrative bracket or late redactional device to weld together four of the five, originally independent, themes of that work.^{[95][^][96]} Manfred Görg ^[de][97] and Rolf Krauss ^[de],^[98] the latter in a somewhat sensationalist manner,^[99] have suggested that the Moses story is a distortion or transmogrification of the historical pharaoh Amenmose (c. 1200 BCE), who was dismissed from office and whose name was later simplified to msy (Mose). Aidan Dodson regards this hypothesis as "intriguing, but beyond proof".^[100] Rudolf Smend argues that the two details about Moses that were most likely to be historical are his name, of Egyptian origin, and his marriage to a Midianite woman, details which seem unlikely to have been invented by the Israelites; in Smend's view, all other details given in the biblical narrative are too mythically charged to be seen as accurate data.^[101]

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenmesse

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian

The name King Mesha of Moab has been linked to that of Moses. Mesha also is associated with narratives of an exodus and a conquest, and several motifs in stories about him are shared with the Exodus tale and that regarding Israel's war with Moab (2 Kings 3). Moab rebels against oppression, like Moses, leads his people out of Israel, as Moses does from Egypt, and his first-born son is slaughtered at the wall of Kir-hareseth as the firstborn of Israel are condemned to slaughter in the Exodus story, in what Calvinist theologian Peter Leithart described as "an infernal Passover that delivers Mesha while wrath burns against his enemies".^[102]

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab

An Egyptian version of the tale that crosses over with the Moses story is found in Manetho who, according to the summary in Josephus, wrote that a certain Osarseph, a Heliopolitan priest, became overseer of a band of lepers, when Amenophis, following indications by Amenhotep, son of Hapu, had all the lepers in Egypt quarantined in order to cleanse the land so that he might see the gods. The lepers are bundled into Avaris, the former capital of the Hyksos, where Osarseph prescribes for them everything forbidden in Egypt, while proscribing everything permitted in Egypt. They invite the Hyksos to reinvade Egypt, rule with them for 13 years – Osarseph then assumes the name Moses – and are then driven out.^[103]

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osarseph

Other Egyptian figures which have been postulated as candidates for a historical Moses-like figure include the princes Ahmose-ankh and Ramose, who were sons of pharaoh Ahmose I, or a figure associated with the family of pharaoh Thutmose III.^[104][105] 

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose-ankh

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramose_(prince)

Israel Knohl has proposed to identify Moses with Irsu, a Shasu who, according to Papyrus Harris I and the Elephantine Stele, took power in Egypt with the support of "Asiatics" (people from the Levant) after the death of Queen Twosret; after coming to power, Irsu and his supporters disrupted Egyptian rituals, "treating the gods like the people" and halting offerings to the Egyptian deities. They were eventually defeated and expelled by the new Pharaoh Setnakhte and, while fleeing, they abandoned large quantities of gold and silver they had stolen from the temples.^[106]

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsu

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-27 23:43:58 (台灣)

↑

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sargon_of_Akkad&oldid=1176295564#Birth_legend

Similarities between the Sargon Birth Legend and other infant birth exposures in ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted by psychoanalyst Otto Rank in his 1909 book The Myth of the Birth of the Hero.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Birth_of_the_Hero

The Myth of the Birth of the Hero (German: Der Mythus von der Geburt des Helden) is a book by Austrian psychoanalyst Otto Rank in which the author puts forth a psychoanalytical interpretation of mythological heroes, specifically with regard to legends about their births.

The first edition of the book was published in 1909, and a greatly expanded second edition was published in 1922.

#英雄誕生神話

= 分隔線 =

https://disp.cc/b/261-8FkU#:~:text=陳光蕊江流和尚

https://www.google.com/search?q="陳...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

#比較神話 #嬰兒搖籃塗瀝青丟水裡

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-28 00:20:01 (台灣)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7kHlrcrW7c
Moses: The Man, The Myth?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjS54iwFbGM&t=1s
The 10 Plagues

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=him0_3x3VKo&t=685s
Evidence of the Exodus?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvwR_6P9acs
Crossing the Red Sea

by Beneath the Bible https://www.youtube.com/@BeneaththeBible

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-20 12:38:06 (台灣)

> http://blog.xuite.net/mzbncxbjfh/blogqq/27241676?ref=rel

https://www.google.com/search?q="真...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"真假摩西" - Google Search

https://www.eslite.com/product/1004129271521576
誠品線上 - 閱讀與生活的無盡想像

https://home.gamer.com.tw/creationDetail.php?sn=360170
Discovery頻道-真假摩西 - wahahaha1748的創作 - 巴哈姆特

聖經，是全球三分之二人口的信仰基石，也是現代人了解歷史的工具。Discovery Channel將帶領您一同探究出埃及記這段歷史的真實性，透過考古學家的努力，提供最新資料與您一同發現摩西的真相！
（片長：52分鐘 / 英文發音．中文字幕）

https://mall.iopenmall.tw/008796/index.php?action=product_detail&prod_no=P0879601937071
挖寶二手片-Y29-288-正版DVD-其他【真假摩西】-Discovery*歷史人文類(直購價) - 挖寶二手片

https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x108kx6
古代文明06真假摩西 - video Dailymotion

#BBC

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-20 17:37:30 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q="Who...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"Who was Moses" "BBC" - Google Search

https://www.google.com/search?q="Who...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"Who was Moses" "Tom Hodgkins"

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-20 17:40:22 (台灣)

https://disp.cc/b/261-eHlO#:~:text=中...基百科對於「出埃及記（Exodus）是否為真」的內容完全相反

https://www.google.com/search?q="出...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"出埃及: 歷史還是神話?" - Google Search

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-04-01 02:22:06 (台灣)

: ↑ Massively moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-f79S by 202506051700
[= #Exodus出埃及記 #Moses摩西

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-06 17:07:18 (台灣)

[= #Red Sea 紅海
: ↓ Massively moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-f79S by 202506051700

= 分紅海 =

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSseKrXMm8
摩西分紅海，是真的!? 林宇民竟找到關鍵性的證據!! 來證實聖經上的故事原來...【解開聖經之謎】 - YouTube

- 誤譯就是誤譯啊...

#國家地理頻道
#日記 2023-09-14 14:00:56 就說「紅海」是誤譯了，還有人在那邊說科學上來說風吹開海是可能的。我媽：愚民。
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-13 20:48:51 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q=red+...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
red sea divided wikipedia - Google Search

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea
Crossing the Red Sea

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crossing_the_Red_Sea&oldid=1174882789

Some have claimed that the parting of the Red Sea and the Plagues of Egypt were natural events caused by a single natural disaster, a huge volcanic eruption on the Greek island of Santorini in the 16th century BC.

Another proposal is that a land path through the Eastern Nile Delta was created by a wind setdown.

#過紅海 #摩西分紅海 #火山爆發 #海嘯前兆？

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-13 20:51:06 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_Suph#Translation_and_location

In the Exodus narrative, Yam Suph (Hebrew: יַם-סוּף, romanized: Yam-Sūp̄, lit. 'Reed Sea') or Reed Sea, sometimes translated as Sea of Reeds, is the body of water which the Israelites crossed following their exodus from Egypt. The same phrase appears in over 20 other places in the Hebrew Bible. This has traditionally been interpreted as referring to the Red Sea, following the Greek Septuagint's rendering of the phrase. However the appropriate translation of the phrase remains a matter of dispute; as does the exact location referred to.

#蘆葦之海 #翻譯問題 #Exodus出埃及記

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-13 20:53:06 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q="出...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"出埃及" "紅海" "蘆葦" - Google Search

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-13 20:53:39, 21:01:57 (台灣)

: ↑ Massively moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-f79S by 202506051700
[= #Red Sea 紅海
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-06 17:06:18, 17:07:51 (台灣)

> https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x108kx6

* 40年間從埃及到以色列這麼大規模的遷徙總會有生活痕跡化石供考古發現。

  煮飯剩下的東西如碳、骨頭、陶器可以保存上千年。

 * 貝度因族在沙漠中的移動都有跡可循。

 * 但若照聖經來看，古代以色列人從埃及到約束之地要40年，不可能沒有東西找不到。

* 埃及考古150年來都找不到古代以色列人在埃及生活的證據。

【按】那時候可能不叫以色列人，而是某個閃族部落（如「Shasu」）。

* 1967年六日戰爭造成考古中斷直到80年代和談。

* 客觀史實上埃及並沒有以色列或希伯來奴隸。

  聖經上對於埃及生活有詳細記載且可考據，如埃及以泥磚造屋（以色列以石頭造屋）。

 * 位於尼羅河三角洲的拉美西斯的城市（後可能因尼羅河道之一乾涸而荒廢而遷都Tanis），建於西元前1100年，早於「出埃及記」；西元前1220的攻打紀錄紀載，埃及已經攻擊過以色列了。

  * 綠洲中的廢墟，可能是遷都前的拉美西斯的城市。

【按】影片中一直提到既然《出埃及記》是很後來才寫（西元前7~3世紀），為何可以記載那麼多古早的事情？

這很簡單吧，啊就過去只是口耳相傳直到後來才能寫下來。

* 礦坑如綠松石（turquoise），是找奴隸來。

  奴隸應該是閃族人（可能包括古代希伯來文）。

  礦坑中有塗鴉壁畫，裡面寫「El」（神）

* 古代希伯來人何時開始會寫字？

* 摩西起源疑似抄襲巴比倫故事，但旁白卻扯到故事沒有提到巴比倫字眼，反而有古埃及文與古希伯來文的共通字眼或同源字，包括「摩西」一詞。

* 摩西談一神論太早太前衛？實際上埃及早有類似思維，廢除諸神、獨尊日輪（Sun Disk）

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten

    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhenaten&oldid=1292349378

   As a pharaoh, Akhenaten is noted for abandoning traditional ancient Egyptian religion of polytheism and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten. The views of Egyptologists differ as to whether the religious policy was absolutely monotheistic, or whether it was monolatristic, syncretistic, or henotheistic.

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheistic
   henotheistic #單一主神論

 * 對太陽神崇拜的頌歌與詩篇的相似處

* 十災之一聽起來就像火山爆發，如白灰、天空變黑連三天

 * 希臘地中海桑托里尼火山爆發影響埃及，而桑托里尼火山爆發時間與摩西的時代差不多。

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)
   Akrotiri (prehistoric city)

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_eruption#Effect_on_Egyptian_history
   Minoan eruption §  Effect on Egyptian history

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I#Length_and_date_of_reign
    Ahmose I

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_eruption#The_Exodus
   Minoan eruption §  The Exodus

   #Crete #竹書紀年 #夏代滅亡商代興起 #黃霧 #作物 #Deucalion #希臘方舟
#日記 6/17shower
 * 埃及尼羅河三角洲土蕊驗出看來是來自桑托里尼的玻璃質火山灰 #Biggy地質大事件

* 六百多部戰車追擊以色列人可能是誇大其辭

* 鹽湖 / 蘆葦海 #季節性潮汐

 * 火山爆發的浮石被海嘯帶到山丘上

 * 海嘯前的退潮

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochlos
#日記 6/17shower
 * 埃及的紀載：驗惡眾神的移民離去，大地吞噬了他們的足跡。

    https://www.google.com/search?q=I,+p...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

     https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/most/getwork.cfm?worknum=81
     Library - The Father William Most Theological Collection | Catholic Culture

     

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(mythology)

   #Nun #古老水神 #從歷史到神話 #神話史實論

 * 三角洲發現浮石

* 西奈山在哪？

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Karkom

   Mount Karkom, also Har Karkom (Hebrew: הר כרכום "Mountain of Saffron"), from Arabic Jabal Karkoum (also Jabal Ideid), is a mountain in the southwest Negev desert in Israel, halfway between Petra and Kadesh Barnea.

* 「摩西來自非洲，所以是黑人」???

* 「摩西」在埃及皇宮長大，當然會寫字。

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-16 16:42:48 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-16 18:11:20, 18:13:23, 18:19:20 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-17 03:09:12 (台灣)

> https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x108kx6

https://www.google.com/search?q="Who...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"Who was Moses" "BBC" - Google Search

#Discovery

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-17 04:04:16, 04:50:44 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-17 05:24:19, 05:32:06, 05:32:38 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q="Who...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
"Who was Moses" "BBC" "Tom Hodgkins" - Google Search

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-17 05:34:10 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-18 01:01:36, 01:03:45 (台灣)

https://youtu.be/ptYz-Vu0dxY
Did Moses Exist?

by https://www.youtube.com/@UsefulCharts
UsefulCharts

Mentioned by https://disp.cc/b/261-f79S

* 頻道主是猶太人

* 各種古籍對摩西的描述，包括Thoth教他發明字母，或是七天到達迦南地。

* 與摩西差不多同時期、獨尊單神的埃及王Akhenaten

- 如果宗教傳說是假的，你會因此失去信仰、不再信神、不再慶祝節日嗎？很多過感恩節的人，他們祖先也不一定是那時候來到美國的。

 - 你的信仰是對神？還是(人寫的經典？

 - 不論結果如何，考證並不等於否定

#三台合作 #三教教祖考證 #理查三世Richard III的墳墓考證 #亞歷山大 #如何考證古人存在與否 #考古學與歷史學

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-25 12:15:48,  12:26:59, 12:29:17, 12:37:59 (台灣)

https://youtu.be/lz_i3zfzEPw
Did Moses Exist? | Bart D. Ehrman PhD

by https://www.youtube.com/@MythVisionPodcast
MythVision Podcast

* 10災難Plagues其中有互相矛盾處

 * 前面說牲畜死光光，等之後冰雹來了之後，又說牲畜死光光。

- 創世紀講了兩次人類創造。

* 英雄/領袖嬰兒時期被放在瀝青塗膜的籃子裡

 * 洪水與方舟故事

 * 羅馬建國雙胞胎被母狼所救

* 奧德賽也有野外（Wilderness）經驗 #太陽神Helios #吃了小牛的船員被神所殺

 * 摩西下山看到有人拜金小牛，於是拜牛的都被殺。

 * 希臘傳承與希伯來傳承的相似處 → 誰先？舊約比較晚寫？

 * 以色列人想去到約定之地 vs 奧德賽想回家

* 以色列的建國/建族神話

 * 猶太是很後來才出現在以色列部族的

 * 摩西傳承是何時才被寫下的（不再只是口述傳承）。

* J Source vs E Sourcer vs P Source [Lost]

# 將虛構創作變得像是歷史 # 文化記憶 # JEDP Theory 不同時代的不同作者寫成一部作品 / 非單一作者 多寫作縫合而成 #  多層 # 多作者

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-10 18:36:41 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-10 21:03:16, 21:05:31, 21:09:56, 21:20:22, 21:23:58, 21:29:23 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-10 22:07:45 (台灣)