---

[筆記] note 001 #歐洲人類遷徙歷史 #史前歷史 #考古 #中央暖氣 #暖爐 #炕  #
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinča_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis
#印歐民族 #人類遷徙

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture
印歐文化百科全書

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-05 16:55:21

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Celtic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Europe_(archaeology)&oldid=1178228168
Added: 202310131010

#巴斯克文化 #巴斯克語 #印歐民族來以前？ #Pre-Celtic #克爾特人之前 #舊歐洲

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts#Origins

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-05 16:59:09

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt

#歐洲史前歷史 #奧地利

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_migrations
Indo-European migrations

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate
Pre-Greek substrate

#遷徙

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum
#東拉丁語

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-05 17:00:38, 17:01:55, 17:04:11

--
※ 作者: Ctea 時間: 2016-04-15 14:42:39
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-04-15 16:29:38

: Moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-93mk by 202408230212

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indo-European_branches_map.svg

#印歐語系地圖

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-04-14 17:48:40
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-07-25 14:18:53
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2017-01-03 20:35:40

https://www.facebook.com/sarahschembri89/posts/10154297863906272
 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2...orld-valletta?CMP=share_btn_fb
 Malta's secret tunnels: inside the newly discovered underworld of Valletta

#秘密通道 #古城 #新發現的地下世界

= 分隔線 =

https://www.facebook.com/sarahschembri89/posts/10154297864341272
 http://heritagemalta.org/de-valettes-dagger-in-malta-for-the-first-time-since-1798/
 de Valette’s Dagger in Malta for the first time since 1798 « Heritage Malta
As part of the events marking Malta’s 2017 EU Presidency, Heritage Malta will organise a much anticipated exhibition on
HERITAGEMALTA.ORG

#馬爾他文物 #短劍 #襲產
#馬爾他歷史文物短劍短刀

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2017-03-15 00:02:13
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2017-03-27 23:01:56
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2017-05-24 00:46:19

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgae&oldid=849482454

#比利時 #高盧日耳曼聯邦 #邦聯

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2018-07-16 17:22:30

> https://disp.cc/b/261-9NZl

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-05 17:05:55
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-05 17:13:13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_and_New_Europe

新舊歐洲 (政治)

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-10 18:49:03
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-01-11 18:49:00

>

[url]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqK7XXvfiXs

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-02-02 02:59:45

https://www.plurk.com/p/h8fulf
自然期刊 - 印歐語系源起於土耳其

 http://www.nature.com/news/a-turkish-origin-for-indo-european-languages-1.11270
 A Turkish origin for Indo-European languages | Nature

 http://www.afpbb.com/article/environment-science-it/science-technology/2896941/9403918
 「全ての言語はトルコに通ず」？英語もヒンディー語もルーツは同じ、国際研究　国際ニュース : AFPBB News
#土耳其起源 #印歐語族
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-02-03 04:09:39

https://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/takaonaitousa/39593960.html

http://histoire.world.coocan.jp/18.html

http://www11.plala.or.jp/kuroda6/tourofitaly/miran/yoroppa/yoroppanorekisi.html

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-03-07 15:38:30
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-03-22 14:14:48

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis

https://sites.google.com/site/xinshijieqidaqijing/gu-dai-shi-jie-qi-da-qi-jing/ya-di-mi-shen-miao

https://www.google.com/maps/place/37%C2%B056'58.5%22N+27%C2%B021'50.2%22E/@37.9495694,27.3617502,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d37.9495694!4d27.3639389

#古典世界 #七大奇觀 #土耳其 #希臘

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-04-29 22:04:44

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voynich_manuscript

https://www.theguardian.com/science/...dianTodayUK&CMP=GTUK_email
Latin, Hebrew … proto-Romance? New theory on Voynich manuscript

Researcher claims to have solved mystery of 15th-century text but others are sceptical

#手稿 #拉丁文 #希伯來文 #原始拉丁文

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-05-27 02:53:53

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindow_Man via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_death
Lindow Man

#煤坑木乃伊 #泥炭

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-06-17 22:28:54
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-06-17 22:28:54

https://www.google.com/search?newwin....0....2j1..gws-wiz.T4yeegXyW-g

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ノーサンブリア王国

#王國

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-06-17 23:27:25
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-10-14 03:06:58 (台灣)

> https://www.plurk.com/p/nossdr

凱爾特．最初的歐洲：被羅馬與基督教覆蓋的文化水脈

 https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010823835

 https://www.facebook.com/ichentsai.md/posts/2256695077733345/

 https://www.thenewslens.com/article/119964

 https://www.thenewslens.com/article/121471

 https://storystudio.tw/sobooks/history-of-celtic-review-2/

#Celtic

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-02-13 00:13:14 (台灣)

↑

2019-6-25 17:01
https://www.facebook.com/ichentsai.md/posts/2256695077733345/
【蔡依橙的閱讀筆記】《凱爾特．最初的歐洲：被羅馬與基督教覆蓋的文化水脈》
　
這本很有意思，如果你曾經聽過 Enya 的歌、看過大河之舞，知道波士頓塞爾提克隊，或對愛爾蘭有興趣，大概就都接觸過「凱爾特」，也隱約知道那好像是很久以前的一種歐洲人。
　
凱爾特就是 Celt，但 C 發 K 的音。過去被認為是最初的歐洲，而且今日愛爾蘭人與英國西部一部份，自認是凱爾特人的後代，也講著凱爾特語的分支。
　
尤其愛爾蘭，使用凱爾特作為其民族、國家、文化認同的重要核心，Enya、愛爾蘭音樂、大河之舞，都有那種療癒、神秘、拒絕理性文明的空靈風格。
　
不過，這本書藉由歷史與考古知識的整理，要告訴我們，真相並不是這樣。
　
總結來說，凱爾特人跟凱爾特文化，其實是以歐陸，尤其奧地利那個美麗水畔小城 Hallstatt，有鹽礦參觀的那裡為代表。
　
而凱爾特人跟文化，都被羅馬帝國同化了，只是在擴散的過程中，「文化」和「語言」有到愛爾蘭與英國西部，但「人」沒有。
　
只因為愛爾蘭與英國西部，被羅馬控制得沒那麼徹底，所以保留一部份凱爾特文化和語言。
　
然後在愛爾蘭亟需找到屬於自己的文化認同，以跟盎格魯薩克遜英國區別時，才「重新」建立一套凱爾特論述，而且憑藉想像為多，基於事實者少。
　
但確定的是，凱爾特人沒到過不列顛群島，愛爾蘭今天建立的凱爾特文化，跟過去的凱爾特文化也並不相同，就是一個借殼上市，尋求自我認同的過程。
　
這本書，對台灣人尤其值得參考，雖說是「凱爾特」，但我們也可以思考，「中華文化」跟「華人」，在民國後才被建構的過程，其實是一樣的。
　
那些被創造出來的歷史傳承感，那些其實曾經斷裂過很多次，而且被重新權勢的「道統」，到底「中華文化」是什麼？而「華人」又是什麼呢？
　
正是因為面臨帝國主義的進逼，一群知識份子想出了用「中華文化」「中國」「華人」這樣的三位一體概念，重新建立認同，並藉由清國的疆域回推五千年想像，創造了一個至今造成許多問題的論述。
　
但跟「凱爾特」一樣，其實不管在人種、宗教、文化、文字、語言上，都並沒有連貫性。
　
書名叫做「凱爾特．最初的歐洲：被羅馬與基督教覆蓋的文化水脈」。
　
對應到中華的話，該是一本「中華．今日的中國：覆蓋眾多絢爛文化的文化血脈」。
　
是的，是血。新疆、西藏、蒙古、東北、台灣。都是被血覆蓋。
　
而我們也可以想想，為什麼在台灣，有些人會自詡為中華兒女，就只因為使用了中文，就必須創建一套理論，自圓其說嗎？
　
即使自己的祖先明明在台灣已經超過一百年，DNA 也不支持與中原漢人的關係，祖先說著日語和台語，也是中華兒女嗎？
　
又，當台灣需要一個新的國家認同，以捍衛自己的主權時，很明顯的，跟愛爾蘭一樣，或許我們需要一個新的論述，一個屬於這個土地的論述，那該是什麼樣的？
　
☞ 凱爾特．最初的歐洲
https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010823835?bit.ly/2KAD8XB
　
cc 八旗文化gūsa 富察

#母語 #他山之石

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-02-13 00:18:36 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-02-27 15:57:58 (台灣)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDTyPUGGyDM
Marie Laveau: The New Orleans Voodoo Queen (Occult ...

#巫毒女王 #紐奧良

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-03-11 00:41:11 (台灣)
SubRoman_Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain
Sub-Roman Britain

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-04-17 01:49:14 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-04-23 03:06:05 (台灣)

> https://disp.cc/b/261-9a1r

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain #史前英國

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-05-15 03:41:19 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-07-04 04:29:04 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowth
Dowth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowth
Knowth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brú_na_Bóinne
Brú na Bóinne

#愛爾蘭

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-07-10 01:49:39 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q=cast...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_castle
Water castle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_castle
Lowland castle

#護城河 #河流 #低地城堡

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-07-11 04:46:13 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily#Prehistory
Sicily

#西西里 #Dolmen #希臘殖民開墾

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-08-03 13:19:01 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_language
Iberian language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Iberian_origin
List of Spanish words of Iberian origin

#伊比利半島原住民語言 #Basque巴斯克 #西班牙

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-06-05 02:59:53 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)
Basque Country (greater region) #文化區 #大區域 #歷史區域

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)
 Basque Country (autonomous community) #自治區

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-12-05 02:55:15, 02:55:33 (台灣)

https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/12/ggantija-the-megalithic-temple-complex/136541
Ġgantija – The Megalithic Temple Complex - HeritageDaily - Archaeology News

Ġgantija is an archaeological site, and ancient Neolithic temple complex located on the Xagħra plateau in the Mediterranean island of Gozo, in the Republic of Malta.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ġgantija

#女巨人 #考古遺址 #文化襲產 #古蹟 #神廟 #馬爾他Malta
#石器時代
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-12-24 17:02:14 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradamante
Bradamante
#中世紀騎士文學 #女騎士 #羅蘭之歌 #Paladin #FGO #Fate
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-02-07 01:36:10 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindi_people
Sindi

#黑海 #希臘文 #俄國 #俄國斯

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Peninsula

 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taman_mud_volcanoes.JPG

#Taman半島 #泥火山

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-05-09 03:37:10, 03:37:54 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teppe_Hasanlu
Teppe Hasanlu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanlu_Lovers
Hasanlu Lovers

https://www.plurk.com/p/oedyw8
#考古 1973年，考古學家在伊朗的塔比哈桑盧遺址，挖掘出兩具2,800年前的男性骸骨。

https://images.plurk.com/6iEWvjVG2D53QZ7vNljn6M.jpg

他們的手臂環繞彼此，一個人捧著另一個人的面頰，或許親吻，或許凝望。而這被封箴於黃土之下，度過了悠長時光。

西元前800年，青銅器時代結束，進入了鐵器時代。

世代居住於此的哈桑盧人，被外族襲擊。一場大火摧毀了他們的村落，時間也就此凝結。

賓州大學的考古學團隊在塔比哈桑盧遺址共挖掘出246具遺骸，包括他們。

https://images.plurk.com/3QmlubYRI2qSJrXRY9G2x0.png

右邊的男性約19-22歲，牙齒狀況良好；左邊伸出手撫摸對方面頰的男性則約30–35歲，擁有一對「出類拔萃」的眉骨。

他們在一座泥磚和石頭築成的建築中被發現，身邊沒有任何東西，除了枕在左方遺骸頭下的石枕。身上沒有明顯外傷（頭骨的傷痕是考古挖掘造成的），有人推測他們或許是為了躲避侵略者，藏身於此，並相擁著直到因大火濃煙窒息而死。

https://images.plurk.com/3nFRD58IC7o7rbZc1YeWnf.jpg

剛出土的時候，由於這樣的姿勢，一度被理所當然地認為是一男一女，尤其是左方的骨骼特徵無法百分百斷定性別，只能說較偏男性，直到較為近期才經由DNA確定。

基於發現地，他們被稱為「Hasanlu Lovers」。

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvhy2Z1BR6Y
 Expedition - "Hasanlu Lovers" - YouTube

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embracing_Skeletons_of_Alepotrypa
Embracing Skeletons of Alepotrypa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Valdaro
Lovers of Valdaro

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Cluj-Napoca
Lovers of Cluj-Napoca

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_Teruel
Lovers of Teruel #木乃伊 #苦戀

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_and_Leander
 Hero and Leander #希臘神話

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet
 Romeo and Juliet #羅密歐與茱麗葉

#情侶 #愛情 #骷髏 #史前遺跡

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-06-09 09:14:13 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerne_Abbas_Giant?38740
Cerne Abbas Giant

#英格蘭 #巨人 #陰莖崇拜 #陽具 #老二 #地上繪 #Geoglyph #Land Art #迷信 #不孕治療 #大力士赫丘力斯風格?

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-07-07 07:02:17 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-08-11 03:01:31 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-09-29 09:11:02 (台灣)

> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- <
[= AnchorLatinNames 拉丁名稱
> https://disp.cc/b/261-6WCT

https://www.google.com/search?q=lati...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_names_of_countries

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_names_of_regions

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_o...urope,_Ireland_and_Scandinavia

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_in_Britain

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_names_of_cities

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_place_names_used_as_specific_names

#拉丁 #地名 #國名 #Latin names #羅馬時代 #拉丁名稱

http://rbms.info/lpn/

https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Latin_Genealogical_Word_List

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-03-22 14:12:36

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/国名の漢字表記一覧
国名の漢字表記一覧 - Wikipedia

via https://disp.cc/b/261-9lX9

#日文 #國名漢字表記

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-03-22 14:14:48

http://chardb.iis.sinica.edu.tw/char/8697
嗹，丹麥王國的舊譯名。

via http://tech.fhl.net:8100/chhut/?x=蔫

via https://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_n...1&pagenum=0&rowcount=0 蔫 #枯萎

#DL不分

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2020-05-20 01:06:05 (台灣)

: Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-a3id

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Names_of_places_in_Europe
Category:Names of places in Europe

#歐洲地名

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-04-01 15:38:59 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-07-31 09:27:40 (台灣)

: Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-9nRY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria
Cumbria

The names Cumbria, Cymru (the native Welsh name for Wales), Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant "compatriots".
#威爾斯 #寒武紀
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-03-01 01:08:00 (台灣)
[= #拉丁名稱
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- <

> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_names_of_countries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym
Endonym and exonym

內名與外名

#拉丁名稱相關 #當地名稱 #外地稱呼

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2022-03-27 12:56:50 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2022-06-17 23:30:50 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2022-11-26 11:38:35 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Indus Valley Civilisation

#IVC

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/インダス文明
インダス文明

位於巴基斯坦信德省出土的摩亨佐-達羅廢墟。位於印度河右岸的摩亨佐-達羅是南亞第一個被選為世界遺產的遺址。

#印度河流域文明

https://www.google.com/search?q="マ...sABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

https://sorakomi.com/non/kyuukyoku/mahabharata.html
マハーバーラタ

https://fanblogs.jp/kikuichimonji/archive/153/0
古代核戦争の記録か？「マハーバーラタ」: BFuture

https://okunoin.fc2.net/blog-entry-606.html
奥の院通信 |歴史の中断

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/マハーバーラタ
マハーバーラタ

 https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/古代核戦争説
 古代核戦争説

#古代核戰 #文明已經先毀滅一次

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods?
Chariots of the Gods? 諸神的戰車？未解之謎

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts
 Ancient astronauts

#摩訶婆羅多 #遠古外星人
[チャンピオンRED] [手塚治虫× 藤澤勇希× 柚木N’] 三つ目黙示録 ～悪魔王子シャラク～ 第014話 [2017-12]
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-01-12 23:43:51, 23:56:32 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-01-13 00:18:16 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranis

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thunder#Etymology

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stun#Etymology

看到thunder字根 *(s)ten-, *(s)tenh₂-

就猜是不是與stun同源

還真的是
印歐
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-02-20 01:39:41 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Psalmanazar
George Psalmanazar

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/台湾誌
台湾誌

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/福爾摩沙歷史與地理的描述
福爾摩沙歷史與地理的描述

An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island subject to the Emperor of Japan，意譯為「日本天皇之屬島福爾摩沙歷史與地理的描述」

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/福爾摩沙語_(撒瑪納札)

https://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/yushanlu/post/3318253
解析《福爾摩啥》的虛構與想像＠LULUSHARP｜PChome 個人新聞台

https://www.adaymag.com/2019/03/05/george-psalmanazar-culture.html
17 世紀一本荒唐《福爾摩啥》，騙倒了無數歐洲知識份子 ‧ A Day Magazine

https://vocus.cc/SATOMANLULULU/60719d81fd89780001288349
在這個世界上，有另一個福爾摩沙 | 方格子

via https://www.thenewslens.com/article/149850?ff3res9h
「架空世界」的鼻祖，1704年在歐洲掀起熱潮的鬼扯奇書《福爾摩沙變形記》 - The News Lens 關鍵評論網

看來是一本描述日本殖民時代台灣的作品呢，沒什麼問題吧……個頭啦！這本書的出版日期可是1704年。相對的中國是清朝初年的康熙年間，日本則是著名的「犬公方」德川綱吉幕府將軍統治。換句話說，別說日本殖民了，連簽馬關條約的李鴻章都還沒投胎呢。
via Yvette
https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010060439
博客來-福爾摩啥

#福爾摩啥 #福爾摩沙變形記 #偽書 #東方的神祕 #人工語言

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-04-23 07:11:36 (台灣)

https://open.spotify.com/episode/2iVw3VVtRBml1elimEh8iU?si=30XeP3_JQHCSWVgG83hSFA
Formosa Files s01e01 The White Formosan

#podcast

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-03-29 11:02:55 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-04-01 15:38:59 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-03-30 20:54:01 (台灣)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monted'accoddisardegna.png

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragic_civilization
 Nuragic civilization

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia via

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sardinia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_known_surviving_buildings
List of oldest known surviving buildings

#世界上最老建築排行

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broch_of_Mousa
 Broch of Mousa

 #蘇格蘭 #歐洲保存得最好之最老建築之一

via https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/サルデーニャ

#薩丁尼亞島 #義大利 #薩丁尼亞 #史前遺跡 #考古
這可能是「沙丁」魚一詞的由來
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-04-02 00:41:05, 02:12:26 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q=odin...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
My Notepad, [02/04/2023 16:31]
https://www.quora.com/Are-pagan-orgi...emonize-polytheistic-religions
Are pagan orgies a real thing, or is it made up Christian propaganda to demonize polytheistic religions? - Quora

See also: https://disp.cc/b/261-ebBr

#異教徒性愛派對 #基督教的政戰將歐洲多神教汙名化？
#群交 #性愛派對 #亂交趴
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-04-02 16:31:59 (台灣) *

https://www.reddit.com/r/dune/comments/zv83mo/what_exactly_is_the_sietch_orgy/
What exactly *is* the sietch orgy? : dune

https://pagan.fandom.com/wiki/Odin_Brotherhood
Odin Brotherhood | WikiPagan | Fandom

The Odin Brotherhood is a norse-pagan paradigm that was created by Mark Mirabello in 1992, via the publication of his book The Odin Brotherhood. It is unknown how many people have self-initiated into Mark's paradigm, but, due to the high popularity of his book, it is probably a substantial number of people.

The only actual Odin Brotherhood group that exists is an internet forum that Mark created within his Odin Brotherhood website, and even that forum is buggy, such that it may fail to load based upon browser specifications.

https://liminal11.com/2021/05/01/what-is-beltane/
What is Beltane? May Day Might Be The Sexiest Festival Of The Year... - Liminal 11

Beltane falls on the first of May, and is the fourth festival on the Neo-Pagan calendar, the Wheel Of The Year. Named for the ancient Celtic celebration, it is a time to thank spring for its growth and welcome summer, the season of sowing seed for autumn’s harvest, whilst the ground is full of fertile potential. It is said that the Horned God (sometimes identified as the British Herne, the Irish Cernunnos, the German Belenos, or Norse Odin) and Goddess (the Welsh Ceridwen, German Holle, or Norse Freja) come together in physical union at this time, having reached full maturity in their growth over the spring months. You may remember that they married at the festival of Ostara… well, now it’s time to do what comes after marriage! The Goddess then enters her Mother aspect, and the God comes into the height of his power.
#有角神明 #印歐民族宗教 #祭典
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane
Beltane (/ˈbjɑːl.tɪnə/) is the Gaelic May Day festival. Commonly observed on the first of May, the festival falls midway between the spring equinox and summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. The festival name is synonymous with the month marking the start of summer in Ireland, May being Mí na Bealtaine.

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-04-03 00:58:04 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-04-25 10:11:12, 10:12:41, 10:13:11, 10:17:10 (台灣)

https://www.google.com/search?q=unnf...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
unnfknfonc - Google Search

Non fui, fui, non sum, non curo

NFFNSNC is a Latin abbreviation, frequently found inscribed on Roman grave markers, which stands for non fui, fui, non sum, non curo (“I was not, I was, I am not, I don't care.”). The phrase is associated with the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, and is often found on the gravestones of his many Roman
#誤打誤撞打出搜尋結果是拉丁文 #羅馬帝國時代
= 分隔線 =

https://faughnfamily.com/nffnsnc/#:~...n,of his many Roman followers.
NFFNSNC | - Faughn Family

https://everything2.com/title/NFFNSNC

https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearn...ncient_romans_had_nffnsnc_non/
TIL like "R.I.P." many ancient Romans had "NFFNSNC", non fui, fui, non sum, non curo, inscribed on their graves meaning “I was not; I was; I am not; I do not care”. A epicurist philosophy. : todayilearned

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-06-22 14:44:01 (台灣)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHz2Llrdz8Q
Did the Bronze Age Really Collapse? Ancient History DOCUMENTARY - YouTube

 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse
 
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse

#青銅時代的終焉 #古典時代 #Greek Dark Ages

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-08-03 01:51:13 (台灣)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUIQAGqhSj0
Dyeus: The Indo-European Sky Father

#印歐語言 #PIE重建 #語言的演變是可預測的因此可回推 #星號代表重建 #你重建也要考慮到其實只是重建一種但他可能有變體/方言 #重建結果符合日後考古出土證據 #宗教重建 #假設性的神明多已遺失於歷史中 #考古學家與語言學家 #尋找PIE起源地很難 #Pontic Caspian Steppe #神聖Sacred #犧牲/祭品Sacrifice
#日記 minutes before 13:36 03/08/2023
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-08-03 01:54:52, 02:17:50, 13:36:39 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-14 09:12:08, 09:13:33 (台灣)

> http://www.plurk.com/p/h8fulf 自然期刊 - 印歐語系源起於土耳其

https://youtube.com/watch?v=VpXgMdvLUXw&feature=share
Evolution of the Indo-European Languages - Ancient Civilizations DOCUMENTARY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
Yamnaya culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernosivsky_idol
Kernosivsky idol

#印歐民族 #印歐語言 #語言學 #起源地約位在現今烏克蘭境內Yamnaya文化 #遷徙之後的概念名詞較為分散 #遷徙前的名詞多有共同淵源 #印歐神話 #Zeus #Perkwunos #羅馬帝國把拉丁文推向野火般地擴散 #古典拉丁 #白話文拉丁文 #以伊比利半島為例 #消滅其他語言 #優勢語文 #弗羅倫斯義大利文與西班牙文還比較近一點，比起西西里義大利文 #語言標準化、國族意識、教育 #政治對語言的影響
via Denise Gui, [02/08/2023 10:00]
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-08-03 00:54:37, 01:48:27 (台灣)
My Notepad, [24/09/2023 11:17]
https://www.heritagedaily.com/2023/0...pean-language-in-turkey/148679
Archaeologists discover previously unknown Indo-European language in Turkey

#考古 #土耳其 #沒看過的印歐語言

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-09-24 11:19:14 (台灣)

https://arkeonews.net/using-3d-scann...ho-carved-jelling-stone-runes/

#Rune盧恩文字

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-02 17:49:48 (台灣)

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-10 09:43:37 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-12 11:18:09 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette#Etymology_and_origins

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silhouette&oldid=1178981911#Etymology_and_origins

The word silhouette is derived from the name of Étienne de Silhouette, a French finance minister who, in 1759, was forced by France's credit crisis during the Seven Years' War to impose severe economic demands upon the French people, particularly the wealthy. Because of de Silhouette's austere economies, his name became synonymous with anything done or made cheaply and so with these outline portraits. Prior to the advent of photography, silhouette profiles cut from black card were the cheapest way of recording a person's appearance.

The term silhouette, although existing from the 18th century, was not applied to the art of portrait-making until the 19th century. In the 18th and early 19th century, "profiles" or "shades" as they were called were made by one of three methods:

1. painted on ivory, plaster, paper, card, or in reverse on glass;

2. "Hollow cut" where the negative image was traced and then cut away from light colored paper which was then laid atop a dark background; and

3. "cut and paste" where the figure was cut out of dark paper (usually free hand) and then pasted onto a light background.
#法國 #七年戰爭 #信用危機 #經濟 #課稅 #樽節
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Silhouette#French

Borrowed from French silhouette, from the name of Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), a French politician. His surname, in turn, is (gallicized) Basque, from Ziloeta or Zilhoeta, modern Basque Zulueta, from the local plural (see -ak) stern of zulo (“hole, cave”).

 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zulueta#Basque

A variant of Zuloeta, from zulo +‎ -eta.

  https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zulo#Basque

  https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zulo#Basque

#巴斯克起源法文姓氏 #剪影 #輪廓 #邊框 #邊影 #法國歷史 #七年戰爭
#日記202310141450 跟我媽說 1452我媽說人真賤為他們好還這樣酸w（我說有錢人被課稅最多的樣子，所以故意帶風向；雍正也是慘遭這種對付）我媽說有錢就可以買通人大量宣傳。 真的
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-13 10:14:31 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-14 14:51:08, 14:53:10, 14:53:39 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-15 02:02:04 (台灣)

https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blo...ed-under-central-berlin-street
Germany: Medieval Plank Causeway Discovered under central Berlin street

#考古 #德國 #柏林街道 #中世紀 #中古世紀 #爭股市季
#染色 #骨頭
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-16 17:44:11 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-11-04 09:12:56, 11:01:20 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-11-08 22:32:23 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann's_law
Holtzmann's law

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg

#語言學 #印歐語系 #PIE #發音演變 #日爾曼語系 #德文 #英文

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-11-15 18:23:50 (台灣)

https://greekreporter.com/2023/12/03...wo-dominant-hypotheses-origin/
New Study of Indo-European Languages Origin Reconciles Two Dominant Hypotheses

Anatolia or the Pontic Steppe?

#PIE原始印歐民族的起源 #兩種假設 #安納多利亞 #小亞細亞 #黑海 #Kurgan culture

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-09 16:13:57 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis
The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

#PIE原始印歐 #假設

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-09 16:15:17 (台灣)

https://phys.org/news/2023-12-ancient-balkan-genomes-fall-roman.html
Ancient Balkan genomes trace the rise and fall of Roman Empire's frontier, reveal Slavic migrations

#巴爾幹島基因 #斯拉夫人遷徙 #羅馬帝國疆域前線的起與落

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-10 13:58:13, 16:36:34 (台灣)

> https://disp.cc/b/261-bLQK#:~:text=Kurds
> https://greekreporter.com/2023/12/03...wo-dominant-hypotheses-origin/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages

#伊朗系
#日記 203-12-11 23:59 跟我媽說庫德族算是印歐體系的人
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-12 00:02:06 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-12 13:08:36, 17:19:11, 17:20:19 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-13 23:22:24 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-18 16:53:55 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-19 08:33:23 (台灣)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0AIYIjZKWY
The Bronze Age Collapse

by The Histocrat https://www.youtube.com/@TheHistocrat
#古埃及 #尼羅河 #青銅文明崩壞
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-31 00:36:18 (台灣)

: Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-9lPB

> https://youtu.be/mdKst8zeh-U

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Late Bronze Age collapse

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse

#青銅時代文明崩潰 #社會文明瓦解 #文化破壞 #崩壞 #中東 #東地中海 #環境變遷 #希臘黑暗時代 #荷馬史詩時代 #人與環境 #觀古鑑今
#日記20231218shower
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-18 23:20:09 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-19 00:30:59, 13:20:08, 13:20:51, 13:23:03 (台灣)

: Copied from: https://disp.cc/b/261-f79S

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6WG4JcNSKo
The Late Bronze Age and the Bible

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i71Iwlewo10&t=2s
The Bronze Age Collapse and the Bible

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m59mu4Bdzhk&t=3s
The Early Iron Age and the Bible

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m5AXCQOPB8&t=5s
Iron Age II and the World of the Bible

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-20 22:31:01 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan
Kurgan

#斯拉夫 #古墳 #俄羅斯 #土耳其 #歐亞大陸 #印歐

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-11-05 04:13:26 (台灣)

↑

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan
A kurgan is a type of tumulus constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, kurgans spread into much of Central Asia and Eastern, Southeast, Western and Northern Europe during the 3rd millennium BC.
#時空英豪Highlander #中亞 #北亞 #烏克蘭 #俄羅斯 #古墳 #墳塚 #東歐
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-12-24 13:06:31, 13:06:52 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_s-mobile
In Indo-European studies, the term s-mobile designates the phenomenon where a PIE root appears to begin with an *s- which is sometimes but not always present. It is therefore represented in the reflex of the root in some attested derivatives but not others. The fact that there is no consistency about which language groups retain the s-mobile in individual cases is good evidence that it is an original Indo-European phenomenon, and not an element added or lost in the later history of any specific language.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nāga#Etymology

#PIE原始印歐語 #字根 #S消失 #可有可無 #Naga #Snake

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-01-21 00:39:00 (台灣)

https://arkeonews.net/infinite-embra...at-link-britain-to-luxembourg/
Infinite Embrace: New research sheds light on Bronze Age family relationships that link Britain to Luxembourg

A new study of early Bronze Age examples from Luxembourg and Britain, led by researchers from the universities of Mainz and Ferrara, finds indications of a patrilineal descent system for western Eurasian Bell Beaker communities. / Family relationships that link Britain to Luxembourg.

#考古 #英國 #盧森堡 #遷徙 #青銅時代 #DNA鑑定 

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-01-31 08:29:54, 09:37:47 (台灣)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...Asia_geographic_extension).png

via https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blond&oldid=1208593653#Varieties
#金髮 #遷徙路徑 #考古 #木乃伊 #歐亞大陸 #中亞 #北亞
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-02-21 01:49:32, 01:50:48 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-08 12:28:27 (台灣)

: Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-93mk by 202403150850
#亞薩神族 #亞斯神族 #阿修羅 #亞洲 #土耳其 #北歐 #印歐語系
> http://www.plurk.com/p/h8fulf 自然期刊 - 印歐語系源起於土耳其

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgard#Prologue

In the Prologue Snorri offers an euhemerized and Christian-influenced interpretation of the myths and tales of his forefathers. As-gard, he conjectures, is the home of the Æsir (singular Ás) in As-ia, making a folk etymological connection between the three "As-"; that is, the Æsir were "men of Asia", not gods, who moved from Asia to the north and some of which intermarried with the peoples already there. Snorri's interpretation of the 13th century foreshadows 20th-century views of Indo-European migration from the east.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis
Anatolian hypothesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Proto-Indo-European_language

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2016-06-14 16:47:40
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-08 12:30:24 (台灣)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05726-0
Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

via https://greekreporter.com/2024/03/05/ancient-dna-europe-hunter-gatherers/
Ancient DNA Sheds Light on Europe’s Hunter-Gatherers

Investigations undertaken recently by researchers into the DNA of hunter-gatherers who lived in Europe during the last Ice Age provide the most in-depth information regarding their migrations so far.

#考古 #人類遷徙 #DNA檢測 #新石器時代歐洲獵人聚集
#印歐民族 #自然期刊 #希臘
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-13 19:59:17 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-14 00:29:03 (台灣)

https://www.livescience.com/archaeol...d-in-europe-archaeologists-say
Mass grave of plague victims may be largest ever found in Europe, archaeologists say

Archaeologists in southern Germany have unearthed the skeletons of 1,000 plague victims from eight pits, forming what could be the largest mass grave ever excavated in Europe.

#古代歐洲流行病 #瘟疫 #疫情 #大型墳塚 千人塚 #考古 #德國
#百人塚 #萬人塚
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-14 12:15:34, 12:22:29, 15:09:59 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-15 08:50:57 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus
Paracelsus [paʁaˈtsɛlzʊs], born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paracelsus&oldid=1213545331

He was a pioneer in several aspects of the "medical revolution" of the Renaissance, emphasizing the value of observation in combination with received wisdom. He is credited as the "father of toxicology".

Paracelsus also had a substantial influence as a prophet or diviner, his "Prognostications" being studied by Rosicrucians in the 17th century. Paracelsianism is the early modern medical movement inspired by the study of his works.

#名字很長 #瑞士 #德文 #醫生
#歐洲 #歷史 #文藝復興時代醫學革新 #醫療 #化學 #煉金術 #鋼煉 #Caster via Fate 蒼銀のFragments #日記
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-15 01:10:20, 08:55:50 (台灣)

https://thedebrief.org/archaeologist...ls-from-lost-ancient-language/
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNEARTH 2,000-YEAR-OLD RELIC COVERED IN MYSTERIOUS SYMBOLS FROM LOST ANCIENT LANGUAGE

Archeologists in Northern Spain report the discovery of a 2,000-year-old relic in the shape of a hand that is covered in mysterious symbols from an ancient “lost” language.

Previous research into the area’s Iron Age inhabitants seemed to indicate they were pre-literate people without any form of written communication. However, this latest discovery, which they are calling the Hand of Irulegi after the site where it was found, not only refutes that assumption but may offer clues to the origin of the region’s mysterious Basque language, which has no known linguistic relatives.

#北西班牙 #印歐語言前語言 #鐵器時代 #失落的語言 #尚未發現的古代語言 #北西班牙 #印歐民族來以前？ #Pre-Celtic #克爾特人之前 #舊歐洲
#巴斯克文化 #巴斯克語
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-17 12:16:30, 17:08:27, 22:11:53, 22:12:03 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vix_GravThe Vix Grave is a burial mound near the village of Vix in northern Burgundy. The broader site is a prehistoric Celtic complex from the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène periods, consisting of a fortified settlement and several burial mounds

via https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorgons&oldid=1212987041

#考古 #墳墓 #法國勃根地 #蛇髮女妖 #Gorgon #Medusa

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-18 05:18:50 (台灣)

https://phys.org/news/2024-03-neolithic-boats-excavated-mediterranean-reveal.html
Neolithic boats excavated in the Mediterranean reveal advanced nautical technology

More than 7,000 years ago, people navigated the Mediterranean Sea using technologically sophisticated boats, according to a study published March 20, 2024, in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Juan F. Gibaja of the Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona and colleagues.

via https://www.plurk.com/p/3fln000hbf
考古學家在地中海海底發現了新石器時代的船隻 時間約於7000年前（西元前5700至5100間）

學者根據本次的發現，研判當時的人們已經有先進的航海技術了。

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-22 05:04:45, 05:10:07, 05:11:04 (台灣)

https://www.pcgamer.com/hardware/pro...ltiple-neolithic-burial-sites/
Intel's future multi billion dollar mega-fab is set smack-bang on top of multiple neolithic burial sites

Right now, Intel's Magdeburg mega-fab in Germany is little more than a field with a few holes in it. Though those holes are of significant historical importance. Within them, archaeologists from the State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt have discovered the remains of multiple burial mounds, including a chariot burial, which date back to the Neolithic period.
#新石器時代墳墓 #埋葬地 #科技 #處理器 #德國 #戰車 #考古
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-27 03:50:31 (台灣)

https://heritagemag.com/
The Heritage Magazine – The HERITAGE MAGAZINE is a bi-annual A4 premium publication with over 12,000 words, produced by the editorial team behind the popular HERITAGEDAILY website.

 https://www.heritagedaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ts1.jpg
 https://images.plurk.com/7d24dxq7dBhbx5dubE64wt.jpg 

#星際大戰：古馬雅戰術
#羅馬 #卡薩入侵不列顛 #古英國史 #第七軍團
#真實的刺客教條 #暗殺者
#失落小鎮 the Lost Town of Dunwich

 https://images.plurk.com/R1Q0pD7g36fZx2NVkAys6.jpg 

#亞特蘭提斯

#考古 #文化襲產雜誌

https://www.google.com/search?q=heri...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-28 03:16:44, 03:20:47 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-28 03:29:18 (台灣)
#殉死 #陪葬 #犧牲 #獻計 #泥沼澤 #北歐 #羊毛皮 #Celt? #愛爾蘭 #蘇格蘭 #英格蘭
https://www.google.com/search?q=sacr...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
sacrifice with cauldron in swamp wikipedia - Google Search

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland_deposits_in_Scandinavia
Wetland deposits in Scandinavia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_body
Bog body

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bog_bodies

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site#Human_remains

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring#Prehistoric_human_use

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egtved_Girl #古墓 #墳丘 #墳塚 #衣服還原 #樹幹做成棺材？ #鋪一層毛皮墊 #牛皮包裹屍布 #北歐青銅時代保存得最好的衣服

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur 占卜官 #占兆官

#濕地 #沼澤 #犧牲 #過度採樣Over sampled #北美弗羅里達

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bog_body&oldid=1212302094
#用犧牲的內臟腸子當占卜 #Entrail 
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-28 23:30:49 (台灣)

↑

: Moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-3hbk 
by 202505250317
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice#Germanic_peoples
#犧牲 #獻祭
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-05-24 11:59:54 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_a_Prophecy
Europe a Prophecy is a 1794 prophetic book by the British poet and illustrator William Blake. It is engraved on 18 plates, and survives in just nine known copies.

It followed America a Prophecy of 1793.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cauldron&oldid=1209040028
#預言書 #超自然
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-28 23:44:17 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period

The Migration Period, also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hercules&oldid=1214954459
#遷徙 #野蠻人入侵
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-29 00:46:47, 00:47:26 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jutes&oldid=1212078898

Some have described this act as "ethnic cleansing". The historian Robin Bush was cited in the BBC Radio 4 "Who were the Jutes". Making History Programme 11 (2008), as being the principal advocate for this assertion.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=朱特人&variant=zh-tw&oldid=79325304

最近有位學者，羅賓· 布希（Robin Bush）甚至認為漢普郡和懷特島的朱特人是在西撒克遜人主導的種族清洗中的受害者，雖然這一直是學者之間的辯論主題，但反對者則稱只有貴族可能已經滅絕。686年，比德是唯一的歷史證據，而他亦清楚地暗示了事情就是這樣。

肯特郡朱特人的文化通常被認為較盎格魯人和撒克遜人先進，並受到羅馬人、法蘭克人和基督教的影響。殯葬證據表明，非基督教徒較早停止了火葬，並將珠寶從墳墓中取回，顯示出與來自歐洲大陸的萊茵模式有密切的關係，也許暗示著與法蘭克密切的商業往來。

#英格蘭南部 #朱特人 #Kent肯特郡

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-03-29 01:00:49 (台灣)

https://www.theguardian.com/educatio...not-18th-century-say-academics
Industrial Revolution began in 17th not 18th century, say academics | History | The Guardian

學術界：工業革命自17世紀開始 而不是18世紀

#近代考古

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-04-05 18:17:07 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_Irish
Primitive Irish

via https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rúadán

#最古早的愛爾蘭文

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogham

#自己的書寫文字 #字母 #非拉丁系統

= 分隔線 =

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ruaidrí

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ruairí#Irish

#紅色相關 #姓氏 #古代愛爾蘭文 #Rory

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-04-10 20:28:13 (台灣)

https://phys.org/news/2024-04-unraveling-iconography-etruscan-lamp-cortona.html
Unraveling the iconography of the Etruscan lamp of Cortona, Italy

A large, highly decorated bronze lamp found in a ditch near the town of Cortona, central Italy, is significantly older than previously estimated and shows the god Dionysus, a new study published in De Gruyter's Etruscan and Italic Studies argues.

論文連結：https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/etst-2023-0019
#義大利 #考古 #羅馬 #超大一盞青銅燈 #酒神 #希臘相關
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-04-12 16:26:44 (台灣)

https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/why-did-europes-hunter-gatherers-disappear
Why did Europe's hunter-gatherers disappear? | Live Science

There are many mysteries surrounding Europe's hunter-gatherers, but farming played a role in their demise.

歐洲的獵人與採集者是怎麼消失的？

#農業的出現 #考古 #歷史 #人類活動演化 #人類社會變遷 #穩定化 #農牧業

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-04-16 13:18:08, 13:18:35 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garni_Temple
Garni Temple

It is the best-known structure and symbol of pre-Christian Armenia. It has been described as the "easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world" and the only extant Greco-Roman temple in the former Soviet Union.

#亞美尼亞 #古蹟 #神廟 #希臘 #羅馬 #Temple of Garni #基督教傳進來之前 #功能未明 #史學家不一致 #陵寢 #重建

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetanism
 Hetanism

 The Armenian Native Faith, also termed Armenian Neopaganism or Hetanism

#亞美尼亞新異神教 #拜火教 #本土信仰
Screenshot_2024-06-07_195647 via _sveta_simonyan IG stories
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-06-07 20:03:06, 20:05:47 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-06-27 01:58:06 (台灣)

［筆記］之前編輯錯誤，整篇變成 https://disp.cc/b/261-9BRL

幸好靠邊及紀錄就回來。

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-07-26 20:08:36, 20:14:25, 20:19:45, 20:41:00 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-07-26 23:57:33 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_house_(building)
Ice house (building)
#歷史 #儲冰屋 #冰庫 #冷藏間 #考古 #古蹟 #綠科技 #古人智慧 #建築
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_pond
 Ice pond
#結冰池塘 * Added by 202408021224
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-07-31 17:36:41 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-02 12:25:28 (台灣)

https://greekreporter.com/2024/08/16/dna-etruscans/
DNA Study Finds Etruscans Originated From Steppes—Not Anatolia

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe

The mystery of the origins of the Etruscan people—the center of an enigma that stretches back millennia—has recently been solved, due to the miracles of DNA testing. But in effect, the answer the scientists uncovered only prompts more questions about the advanced civilization that flourished north of Rome.

#義大利半島 #人類遷徙 #小亞細亞 #大草原 #安納多利亞 #DNA研究
 #羅馬北方 #繁盛
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-18 05:51:18 (台灣)
2024-8-15 04:37:07
https://www.livescience.com/archaeol...rs-the-handprints-of-its-maker
3,000-year-old goddess figurine found in an Italian lake still bears the handprints of its maker

Archaeologists think the figurine was a homemade representation of an ancient goddess.

義大利一座湖中找到了一尊3000年前的女神像 上面還可以看到製作者的掌印

#手工 #自家製作 #考古

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-17 13:28:22 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Kóryos
The kóryos (Proto-Indo-European: "army, war-band, unit of warriors") refers to the theoretical Proto-Indo-European brotherhood of warriors in which unmarried young males served for several years, as a rite of passage into manhood, before their full integration into society.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruts

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt
 Wild Hunt

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana
The term gana is employed in the Rigveda in reference to the Maruts

#印歐民族文化 #戰士團

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-19 12:08:45 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut#History_of_the_concept
In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (/ˈæblaʊt/ AB-lowt, from German Ablaut pronounced [ˈaplaʊt]) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vṛddhi
Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi) is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit and of Proto-Indo-European. The term is derived from Sanskrit वृद्धि vṛddhi, IPA: [ˈʋr̩d̪ːʱi], lit. 'growth', from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰ- 'to grow'.

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra
Maitreya, a vrddhi-derived form of Sanskrit mitra, a bodhisattva in Buddhist tradition.
#印歐語系 #音變音轉 #發音演變 #規律 #重建  
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-23 02:12:35 (台灣) * Saved by 202408231146
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-23 11:46:05 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-23 12:23:36 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-28 23:36:24, 23:37:51 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-29 13:27:46 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-08-29 15:47:10 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-09-16 03:38:56 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-09-18 18:51:44 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-09-23 16:44:13 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Sogdiana was also a province of the Achaemenid Empire, and listed on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great. Sogdiana was first conquered by Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, and then was annexed by the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great in 328 BC. It would continue to change hands under the Seleucid Empire, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, the Kushan Empire, the Sasanian Empire, the Hephthalite Empire, the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weshparkar

#伊朗 #波斯 #印歐民族

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-09-28 12:52:47 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-09-28 13:27:06 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-10-04 15:12:08 (台灣)

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journ...C3A1B68B0730C639BF3F1C51DB15FB
STONE-PAVED CELLARS IN THE STONE AGE? ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A NEOLITHIC SUBTERRANEAN CONSTRUCTION FROM NYGÅRDSVEJ 3, FALSTER, DENMARK

via https://phys.org/news/2024-10-advanced-technology-neolithic-denmark.html
Advanced technology discovered under Neolithic dwelling in Denmark

【丹麥】中新石器時代的地下穴居遺跡 運用了先進技術

#北歐 #考古 #先進技術 #鐵路建設 #島上一處農地 #石頭鋪面地下室

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-10-11 22:27:42 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-10-12 03:15:36, 03:15:46 (台灣)

↑

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/s...echnology-europe-b2628672.html
‘Advanced’ construction technology found at 5000-year-old Stone Age site in Denmark

Funnel Beaker Culture site may hold one of the earliest insulated cellars constructed in Europe to preserve food
#北歐 #考古 #先進技術 #鐵路建設 #島上一處農地 #石頭鋪面地下室
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-10-15 08:51:32 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-10-15 09:25:49 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-10-19 14:18:49 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-08 09:26:50 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin's_Day
Saint Martin's Day or Martinmas (obsolete: Martlemas), and historically called Old Halloween or Old Allhalloween, or Old Hallowmas Eve or Allhallowmas Eve is the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours and is celebrated in the liturgical year on 11 November. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, it was an important festival in many parts of Europe, particularly Germanic-speaking regions. In these regions, it marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter and the "winter revelling season". Traditions include feasting on 'Martinmas goose' or 'Martinmas beef', drinking the first wine of the season, and mumming. In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are processions of children with lanterns (Laternelaufen), sometimes led by a horseman representing St Martin. The saint was also said to bestow gifts on children. In the Rhineland, it is also marked by lighting bonfires.

#聖馬丁日 #營火 #習俗
#日爾曼人的萬聖節 #舊萬聖夜 #舊萬聖節 #德國文化 #吃鵝肉 / 一般萬聖節是克爾特人的
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-13 02:23:23 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-13 08:32:18 (台灣)

https://www.livescience.com/archaeol...d-by-archaeologists-in-germany
2,600-year-old Celtic wooden burial chamber of 'outstanding scientific importance' uncovered by archaeologists in Germany

The discovery of an impeccably preserved Celtic burial chamber in southern Germany is a "stroke of luck for archaeology," scientists say.

#克爾特古墓 #古墳 #克爾特發源地 #中歐 #鐵器時代晚期 #考古 #德國 #幸運 #好運挖到好東西

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-13 16:32:29 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-14 02:43:20 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_culture
Varna culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_Necropolis
Varna Necropolis

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/trave...ys-travel-quarterly-180958733/
Mystery of the Varna Gold: What Caused These Ancient Societies to Disappear?

Treasure found in prehistoric graves in Bulgaria is the first evidence of social hierarchy, but no one knows what caused the civilization’s decline

#Chalcolithic銅器石器並用時代 #銅石並用時代 #史前時代
為何這些古文明/古代社會會消失
= 分隔線 =

https://greekreporter.com/2024/11/17/wealthiest-grave-5th-millennium-bc/
Oldest Golden Artifacts Ever Found in a 5th Millennium BC Grave

The wealthiest grave containing the oldest golden artifacts ever found from the 5th millennium BC was discovered in the 1970s in Bulgaria.

The incredible finding by excavator operator Raycho Marinov is one of the most important archaeological discoveries ever made in the country.

= 分隔線 =

https://www.reddit.com/r/interesting..._43_from_what_is_known_as_the/
This is grave number 43 from what is known as the Varna Necropolis in Bulgaria, considered one of the key archaeological sites in prehistory. : r/interestingasfuck

via https://www.google.com/search?q=Grav...p;sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

#保加利亞 #西元前5000年 #最有錢的古墓 #黃金 #金製品 #考古 #衣冠塚 #無骨頭
* Updated by 202411181043
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-18 09:54:36 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-18 10:46:18, 10:46:59 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-18 14:35:10 (台灣)

https://greekreporter.com/2024/11/17/ancient-greeks-america-before-columbus/
Did Ancient Greeks Reach America Long Before Columbus? - GreekReporter.com

The suggestion that ancient Greeks reached America before Columbus may seem far-fetched but certain researchers think otherwise.

The idea is based entirely on a new examination of a dialogue written by the Greek historian Plutarch, who lived from 46 to 119 AD.

古希臘人究竟是否有與美洲接觸過？

- 想起以前亞特蘭提斯南美說

   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_hypotheses_of_Atlantis#Americas
   via https://disp.cc/b/261-9oTr

    https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php...&oldid=1257091778#Americas

    Francis Bacon and Alexander von Humboldt also identified America with Atlantis; Janus Joannes Bircherod said in 1663 orbe novo non novo ("the New World is not new").

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-17 20:53:10 (台灣)

↑

> https://disp.cc/b/261-9lX9#:~:text=AnchorVikings_in_NorthAmerica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories
Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories

#地理大發現 #哥倫布以前的跨大西洋活動
#北美 #地瓜 #番薯
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-17 20:56:34 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-18 02:51:56 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-18 03:10:23 (台灣)

↑

https://www.thebrighterside.news/pos...s-before-christopher-columbus/
America was discovered almost 150 years before Christopher Columbus - The Brighter Side of News

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa
Genoa

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-21 14:08:57 (台灣)

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/histo...nk-colonial-america-180985439/
The Hidden History of Bermuda Is Reshaping the Way We Think About Colonial America | Smithsonian

New archaeological finds on the islands have revealed secrets about one of Britain’s first settlements in the Americas—and the surprising ways it changed the New World

百慕達群島考古新發現 重塑我們對殖民地時期之美洲的想法

#英國在「新世界」最早的殖民地聚落之一

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-22 19:24:57 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-22 23:10:36, 23:12:41 (台灣)

: : Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-9SsH
: : Moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-98BM by 202502182149

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kZ-8wmDqqk

#古代語言發音 #埃及 #中東 #美索不達米亞

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2019-09-21 03:06:28 (台灣)

↑

: : Moved from: https://disp.cc/b/261-c96f
: : Moved from https://disp.cc/b/261-bLQK by 202411240226

> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUIEuG5Ox6A
> 中国歷代語音變化 Phonetic Change of Chinese
> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ME8wzyR6pO8&t=38s
> What "Ancient" Chinese Sounded Like - and how we know
> via https://disp.cc/b/261-98Bm

https://youtu.be/Wc22W3bos64?si=ipCGeqBY2o63yY97
The Sound of Ancient Languages. You Haven't Seen Anything Like This Before!

by https://www.youtube.com/@EquatorAI
Equator AI

* Old Norse
* Latin
* Old English
* Proto-Celtic language
* Phoenician language
* Hittie language
* Akkadian language
Tek Dee, [24/11/2024 02:45] → 202411240249 媽媽開始看了
#已消失的語言 #絕種語言 #語言考古 #語言學 #利用人工智慧演算法還原發音 #重建 #古代語言 #中古漢語 #古日語 #琉球語 #教會斯拉夫語 #古埃及文
#AI人工智慧還原古代語言 * Updated by 202411240225 
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-10-17 02:16:56, 08:28:28 (台灣)

: Copied from https://disp.cc/b/261-bLQK by 202411240227

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsFn64PL4ks
The Oldest Text In The World
世界最早的文字 #還原
#原始契型文字

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-24 02:27:54 (台灣)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnaCLTwmBC0
What makes some languages sound BEAUTIFUL?

by https://www.youtube.com/@RobWords

#語言學 #最美麗與最醜的語言

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-11-24 02:38:15, 02:50:27 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-09 21:33:09 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frijōną

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Frijjō

 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Frigg
 Frigg

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/प्रिया#Sanskrit

 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Priya#:~:text=A common Hindu female name which means beloved.
 Priya

#印歐同源詞彙 #字根Etymology #Beloved #Sweetheart甜心 #Free #自由
via Tenet
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-13 09:27:44, 09:28:08 (台灣)

https://disp.cc/b/261-dfWX
人類學 & 人類遷徙 + 演化 #進化 #人種 #原始人

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-16 23:00:23, 23:01:16 (台灣)

> https://youtu.be/Wc22W3bos64?si=ipCGeqBY2o63yY97
> The Sound of Ancient Languages. You Haven't Seen Anything Like This Before!
#AI人工智慧還原古代語言
https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/education/7-oldest-languages-in-the-world-195810-19-12-2024
7 Oldest Languages In The World Still In Use Today

七個仍在使用的古老語言

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-26 06:43:39 (台灣)

https://greekreporter.com/2024/12/21...wo-dominant-hypotheses-origin/
Study of Indo-European Languages Origin Reconciles Two Dominant Hypotheses

Ever since the discovery, over two centuries ago, that these languages belong to the same family, philologists have worked to reconstruct the first Indo-European language (known as Proto-Indo-European) and establish a “language family tree”, where branches represent the evolution and separation of languages over time.

This approach draws on phylogenetics – the study of how biological species evolve – which also provides the most appropriate model for describing and quantifying the historical relationships between languages.

Despite numerous studies, many questions still remain as to the origin of Indo-European: where was the original Indo-European language spoken in prehistoric times? How long ago did this language group emerge? How did it spread across Eurasia?

Anatolia or the Pontic Steppe?

There are two main, though apparently contradictory, established hypotheses. On one side we have the Anatolian Hypothesis, which traces the origins of the Indo-European people to Anatolia, in modern day Turkey, during the Neolithic era. According to this hypothesis, created by British archaeologist Colin Renfrew, Indo-European languages began to spread towards Europe around 9,000 years ago, alongside the expansion of agriculture.

On the other side we have the Steppe Hypothesis, which places the origin of Indo-European languages further north, in the Pontic Steppe. This theory states that Proto-Indo-European language emerged somewhere north of the Black Sea around 5,000 or 6,000 years ago. It is linked to Kurgan culture, known for its distinctive burial mounds and horse breeding practices.

DNA comparison

In order to decide which of these two hypotheses is correct, genetic studies have been carried out to compare DNA found at prehistoric sites with that of modern humans. However, this type of research can only provide indirect clues as to the origins of Indo-European languages, since language, unlike, for example, blood type, is not inherited through genes.

A new study published in Science has approached the question from a different angle by using direct linguistic data to assess the timelines put forward by both hypotheses.

 https://www.science.org/stoken/author-tokens/ST-1344/full

In this project, carried out by over 80 linguists under the direction of Paul Heggarty and Cormac Anderson from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, we applied a new methodology that allowed us to obtain more exact results.

More comprehensive sampling

The samples used in earlier phylogenetic studies were taken from a limited pool of languages. Moreover, some analyses had assumed that modern languages are derived directly from ancient written languages, when they actually come from oral variants that were spoken during the same period – Spanish, for example, did not come from the classical Latin found in Virgil’s works, but from the popular or “vulgar” Latin which was spoken by ordinary people. These shortcomings and assumptions have distorted age estimates for Indo-European language family subgroups such as Germanic, Slavic or Romance.

The new study addresses these issues, eliminating inconsistencies and taking data from a wider range of sources (from 161 languages, to be exact), to provide a more balanced and complete sample set. This data then underwent a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, a statistical method for establishing the most probable relationships between languages and branches of the family tree.

The study showed, for example, that an Italo-Celtic language family cannot exist, since the Italic and Celtic languages separated several centuries before the separation of the Germanic and Celtic languages, which took place around 5,000 years ago.

 https://twitter.com/sharland57753/status/1729740466831192273

  https://twitter.com/harrykleinperk1/status/1729748006864331051
  Armenian has been found and mapped to be the first of the indo European languages.

  : https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/indo-european-homeland-caucasus/
  : Study: Indo-European language family was born south of Caucasus - Big Think

An eight thousand year old Indo-European language family

Regarding the question of the origin of Indo-European languages, calculations based on the new data show that they were first spoken approximately 8,000 years ago.

The results of this research do not line up neatly with either the Anatolian or the Kurgan hypotheses. Instead they suggest that the birthplace of Indo-European languages is somewhere in the south of the Caucasus region. From there, they then expanded in various directions: westward towards Greece and Albania; eastward towards India, and northward towards the Pontic Steppe.

Around three millennia later there was then a second wave of expansion from the Pontic Steppe towards Europe, which gave rise to the majority of the languages that are spoken today in Europe. This hybrid hypothesis, which marries up the two previously established theories, also aligns with the results of the most recent studies in the field of genetic anthropology.

In addition to bringing us closer to solving the centuries-old enigma of the origin of our languages, this research illustrates how disciplines as disparate as genetics and linguistics can complement each other to provide more reliable answers to questions of human prehistory. It is hoped that the same methodology will also serve, in future research, to expand our understanding of how languages and populations spread to other continents.

(The article was published at The Conversation and is republished under a Creative Commons License.

 This article was originally published in Spanish.)

#印歐語族起源 #兩大主要假說 #DNA比對 #取樣 #亞美尼亞

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-27 02:05:34 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shadow#English

via https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skadwaz

from https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ḱeh₃-

& https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scáth#Irish

- 看了就覺得會不會Shadow也與Scathach同源，還真的。

#Shadow #影子 #黑暗 #印歐語言字根 #Scathach

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-29 03:41:39 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-29 06:42:44, 06:43:19 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camp
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kämpfer

就知道w

剛剛突然想到Camp

默念了一下
想說會不會與Kampfer同源
畢竟古早以前紮營都是在戰場上

查了一下還真的ww

#印歐語系 #字根

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-29 06:50:50 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-29 13:56:54 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2024-12-30 05:36:51 (台灣)
via Denise Gui, [02/01/2025 00:48]
https://youtu.be/lm3kiZOYlZA?si=4H_Ms8qm_vzq5FkW
About the Frisian languages

by https://www.youtube.com/@JuLingo
#印歐語言 #荷蘭 #尼德蘭
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-01-02 00:48:45 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-01-02 06:57:39 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-01-02 22:33:20 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Óðr

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Óðr&oldid=1267355915

Grundy notes that it is rarely mentioned that the Germanic peoples sometimes practiced polygamy, and cites chapter 18 of Tacitus' 1st century AD work Germania, where Tacitus records that while monogamy has very few exceptions in Germanic society, there are those who actively seek a polygamous marriage "for the sake of high birth." Grundy contrasts this with accounts of polygynous marriages among the Merovingians and Carolingians, points out that the only Germanic law-code that expressly forbids such relationships is that of the Visigoths, and notes that while polygynous marriages are rarely attested in Scandinavian sources, Harald I of Norway was married to seven wives simultaneously. Grundy concludes that, as "gods tend to reflect the social norms of their worshippers," it very possible that Odin/Óðr originally "could have rejoiced in Frigg and Freyja simultaneously". Grundy posits that, over time polygynous marriages dwindled during the Viking Age and into the Christianization of the North Germanic territories and, as a result, such a relationship was less easily reflected in the deities of the people.

北歐神話考證 一夫多妻 一妻多夫 日爾曼人 提高生育率增加人口

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-01-09 07:16:01, 07:19:11 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brond
(obsolete) A sword.

#Sword #古英語 #日耳曼語系 #戰鬥 #劍

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-01-15 00:54:05 (台灣)
#可能起源於西亞/中東語言的印歐語言
> https://disp.cc/b/261-b3ij
#Star #Stella #星星
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monkey#English

Uncertain. May be derived from monk +‎ -ey (diminutive suffix), or borrowed from Middle Low German Moneke, the name of the son of Martin the Ape in Reynard the Fox (which may represent an unattested colloquial Middle Low German *moneke, *moneken), itself of uncertain origin. Possibly derived from a Romance term represented by Late Middle French monne (whence Modern French mone (“monkey”)) or earlier Old French monnekin (“monkey”), originally Monnekin, the name of a monkey in Li Dis d'Entendement. Compare also Old French and Middle French monin (“monkey”). The French terms may have been borrowed from Italian monna (“monkey”), from Old Spanish mona (“female monkey”), itself a shortening of mamona, variant of maimón, from Arabic مَيْمُون (maymūn, “baboon”)). However, Old French monnekin may alternatively be unrelated to the other terms, instead being a borrowing of Early Middle Dutch mannekin (a diminutive of a personal name or surname; hence, nickname, literally “miniature man”).

#猴子 #英語 #古英語 #日耳曼語系

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-02-04 13:08:52, 13:10:22 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-02-14 12:38:33 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-02-18 21:49:59 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃reǵ-

Rex
Reich
Raj
Regina
Regime

#印歐字根

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-03-04 17:03:14 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-03-09 06:42:47 (台灣)

https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/20...and-jewelry-but-also-perfumed/
A Study Reveals That Greek and Roman Statues Were Not Only Painted and Adorned with Textiles and Jewelry but Also Perfumed

A recent study published in the Oxford Journal of Archaeology has revealed a little-explored aspect of ancient art: the use of perfumes and aromatic substances in Greco-Roman sculptures. This research, led by archaeologist Cecilie Brøns, proposes a new way of understanding classical art, challenging the traditional perception of sculpture as a purely visual art form.

Greco-Roman art has been studied for centuries through the lens of its visual appearance. However, Brøns’ research highlights that these sculptures were not only polychromed and adorned with textiles and jewelry but also impregnated with fragrances.

新研究顯示：古典時期的希臘語羅馬雕像不但有上色，還穿衣服戴珠寶，甚至噴了香水。

論文連結：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ojoa.12321?af=R

［更新］

https://www.plurk.com/p/3h03k7t560

上色的其實過去就有看過，有穿衣服的印象中有看報導提過，但香水就真的www（好像也不太意外？但還是ww 很猛［奢侈？］）

而且看起來還不像是少數。

過去只知道世界七大奇觀的宙斯神殿有給宙斯上橄欖油，但好像是保養用。

#考古

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-03-14 02:19:15 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-03-14 18:06:34 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker_man

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wicker_man&oldid=1269092294

A wicker man was purportedly a large wicker statue in which the druids (priests of Celtic paganism) sacrificed humans and animals by burning. The primary evidence for this practice is a sentence by Roman general Julius Caesar in his Commentary on the Gallic War (1st century BC),[1] which modern scholarship has linked to an earlier Greek writer, Posidonius.

There is some archaeological evidence of human sacrifice among Celtic peoples, although rare. The ancient Greco-Roman sources are now regarded somewhat sceptically, considering it is likely they "were eager to transmit any bizarre and negative information" about the Celts, as it benefited them to do so.[

In the latter half of the 20th and early 21st centuries, a wicker man (without human or animal sacrifices) has been burned at some neopagan ceremonies and festivals such as Burning Man.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Man

 Burning Man is a week-long large-scale desert event focused on "community, art, self-expression, and self-reliance" held annually in the western United States.
#柳條人 #美國西部新興宗教活動？ #心靈成長？ Druid
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-01 01:51:31 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alius
From Proto-Italic *aljos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) (Modern Greek άλλος (állos)), αἶλος (aîlos) (Arcadocypriot), Old Armenian այլ (ayl), Proto-Celtic *alyos, Proto-Germanic *aljaz (Modern English else). Other forms from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- include Latin ille, ūls.

* other, another, any other
* else
* different
* the one...the other, e.g. alius...alius
#拉丁文 #羅馬
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-02 02:28:43 (台灣)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/F...ropeAtEarlyPreRomanIronAge.png

#地圖 #文化圈一覽 #日耳曼 #克爾特

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_culture

The Pomeranian culture, also Pomeranian or Pomerelian Face Urn culture was an Iron Age culture with origins in parts of the area south of the Baltic Sea (which later became Pomerania, part of northern Germany/Poland), from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC, which eventually covered most of today's Poland.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomeranian_culture&oldid=1281775357

#鐵器時代 #德國 #波蘭

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-03 22:41:54 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-04 02:16:09 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ᚅᚓᚆᚆᚈᚑᚅᚅ#Pictish

via https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nechtan
Ultimately from the Pictish ᚅᚓᚆᚆᚈᚑᚅᚅ (nehhtonn).

#語言學 #罕見文字 #字母

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-10 02:32:23 (台灣)

: Copied from https://disp.cc/b/261-gKjk

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Artesia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesia
Artesia is the historical Latin and Spanish name of Artois in northern France. The name ultimately derived from the Belgic tribe the Atrebates.

 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Artois

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrebates

The county gave its name to Artesian wells, which were drilled there since the 12th century.
Sarah Mas本名アルテイシア #角色姓名 #歐洲原住民部落 #法國地名的拉丁名稱與西班牙名
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-12 14:42:01 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latium

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latium&oldid=1283289726

Latium (/ˈleɪʃiəm/ LAY-shee-əm, US also /-ʃəm/ -⁠shəm; Latin: [ˈɫati.ũː]) is the historical region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. The region existed in several historical forms: Latium vetus ('Old Latium') was the original homeland of the Latin tribes centered around the Alban Hills; Latium adiectum ('New Latium') encompassed the additional territories conquered by Rome to the south. The modern Italian administrative region of Lazio (also called Latium in Latin) covers roughly the same area with some additions.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)

= 分隔線 =

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casinum

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casinum&oldid=1284494576

Casinum was an ancient town in central Italy, situated in southern Latium at the base of Monte Cassino, in the modern region of Lazio. Initially an Oscan settlement that later fell under the control of the Volsci and Samnites, Casinum's strategic importance derived from its position along the Via Latina, approximately 130 km southeast of Rome. The site's continuous habitation from the 7th century BCE through the 5th century CE underscores its longstanding role as a regional hub. After its integration into the Roman sphere in the late 4th century BCE, Casinum flourished, at various times holding the status of both a municipium and a colonia. Archaeological remains—including an amphitheatre, theatre, and villa complexes—attest to its civic and cultural significance. Later, the site gained renewed prominence as the location of the first Benedictine monastery, founded by St. Benedict in 529 CE. The modern town of Cassino lies near the ancient site, continuing its historical legacy.

via https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latium&oldid=1283289726
#羅馬時代以前的義大利 #拉丁時代 #古城
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-13 00:01:34 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-17 02:09:43 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language#Phonology

via https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Śuri

與中東語言一樣，Etruscan文是從右寫到左的歐洲語言。

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-24 01:24:24 (台灣) * Accessed
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-24 13:26:00 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

via https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/इन्द्र#Sanskrit

* Alternatively from the BMAC substrate. Maybe related to Proto-Circassian *yənə-ø-ra ‘huge-be-ger’, cf. Abkhaz a-ynar, the Nart god of the forge.

& https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬭𐬀#Avestan

From Proto-Iranian *Índrah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Índras, likely from the BMAC substrate. Cognate with Sanskrit इन्द्र (indra).

#印歐民族 #中亞銅器時代考古遺跡

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-26 20:26:58 (台灣) * Accessed
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-27 03:29:37 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-05-05 05:31:59, 05:32:49 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-05-06 15:10:40 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-05-24 12:00:31 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-05-25 03:18:34 (台灣)

> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- <
[= AnchorVikings_in_NorthAmerica北歐人在北美
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helluland
Helluland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Rosee
Point Rosee

#北歐人 #維京人在北美 #紐芬蘭 #新芬蘭 #加拿大 #遙測技術 #高解析度影像 #開挖 #挖掘

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-10-25 04:53:04, 04:53:55 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas

#丹麥人在美洲殖民地 #17-20世紀

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-10-25 04:56:57 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America
Norse colonization of North America

See also: https://disp.cc/b/261-9BRL#:~:text=Norse_colonization_of_North_America

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-10-25 13:53:39 (台灣)

https://www.plurk.com/p/om4orq
【考古】 透過新科技考據，維京人（Norsemen，「北方人」）抵達北美水母灣的時間點正好在1000年前，也就是1021年。

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2021-10-27 13:50:11 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Anse_aux_Meadows
L'Anse aux Meadows

 https://www.google.com/maps/place/L&#...34302!16zL20vMDlicXk?entry=ttu

#紐芬蘭 #新芬蘭 #北歐殖民地遺跡 #維京人 #挪威 #考古遺跡
 #紐芬蘭 #新芬蘭 #新尋獲地 #新獲地 #Newfoundland
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2023-06-23 16:42:29 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)
Newfoundland (island)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
History of Newfoundland and Labrador

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)#European_contact_and_settlement

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php...uropean_contact_and_settlement

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-05-31 00:57:08 (台灣)
[= #北歐人在北美
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- <

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiatrix

#女性鬥劍士

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-04-08 04:49:22 (台灣)

↑  

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/35/female-gladiators-in-ancient-rome/
Female Gladiators In Ancient Rome - World History Encyclopedia

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-06-22 19:42:21 (台灣)

https://tvpworld.com/85042087/ancient-roman-sword-unearthed-in-southern-poland
Ancient Roman sword unearthed in southern Poland
 波蘭 考古 羅馬時代 
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-16 13:45:03 (台灣)

https://tvpworld.com/87615355/warsaw-fisherman-discovers-13th-century-sword-in-vistula-river
Warsaw fisherman discovers 13th-century sword in Vistula River
 波蘭 考古 中古世紀
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-16 13:46:49 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudian_letters

The Claudian letters were a set of three new letters for the Latin alphabet developed by the Roman emperor Claudius, who reigned the Roman Empire from the year 41 to the year 54. These letters, according to the emperor, were much needed for the language, although they did not outlast his reign.

Ↄ or /X (antisigma) to replace BS [bz] and PS [ps], much as X stood in for CS [ks] and GS [ɡz]. The shape of this letter is disputed, however, since no inscription bearing it has been found.
 拉丁字母 複合聲母 羅馬文字 psi ksi via en Wikipedia: Heta 
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-17 17:52:06 (台灣)

https://news.artnet.com/art-world/poland-neolithic-pyramid-tombs-2669155
Ancient Tombs Older Than Egypt’s Pyramids Emerge in Poland

The 5,500-year-old pyramids were used to bury high-status individuals.

波蘭發現比埃及金字塔更老的5500年新石器時代古墓

#考古

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-22 09:36:52 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-22 13:23:42 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Italian_terms_inherited_from_Latin
Italian terms inherited from Latin
承襲自拉丁文的義大利文

via https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedici

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-07-29 02:32:45 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-08-04 02:31:47 (台灣)

https://abcnews.go.com/International...submerged-rising-sea-124979772
Researchers uncover Stone Age settlement submerged by rising sea levels in Denmark

Archaeologists are searching for ancient coastal settlements submerged by rising sea levels over 8,500 years ago in the Bay of Aarhus, Denmark

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Aarhus

# 石器時代聚落 # 海平面上升 # 水沒遺跡 # 丹麥 # 第二大城外海 # 考古遺跡 # 北海

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-09-01 07:37:24 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-09-02 10:34:26, 10:35:04, 10:54:56 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-09-20 16:54:44 (台灣)
「羅馬地暖系統」移除
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-09-21 00:08:16 (台灣)

https://disp.cc/b/261-bX6e
[筆記] Roman Era 羅馬時代：羅馬共和國 & 羅馬帝國

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-09-21 00:30:09 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages
Insular Celtic languages

* Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages
 * Breton
 * Cornish
 * Welsh

* Goidelic languages
 * Irish
 * Manx
 * Scottish Gaelic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages
Continental Celtic languages

* Gaulish
* Hispano-Celtic?
* Lepontic
* Noric

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-10-01 14:15:37 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crown#English

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-10-05 15:36:12 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-10-12 02:18:54, 02:19:26 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ews-

via https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aušra
#印歐詞彙 #PIE #曙光 #黎明 #早晨 #黃金 #金色
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-11-03 19:14:54 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-11-03 19:15:53 (台灣)

Lufthansa - Wiktionary, the free dictionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lufthansa

Luft - Wiktionary, the free dictionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Luft#German

loft - Wiktionary, the free dictionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loft

lyft - Wiktionary, the free dictionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lyft#Old_English

lift - Wiktionary, the free dictionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lift

#印歐詞彙
#日記20:30 
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-11-08 20:33:40 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/मरीचि
From Proto-Indo-European *mr̥Hko-, from *mer- (“to shimmer, shine”), see also English morning, Lithuanian mérkti (“to blink, twinkle”)), and possibly Proto-Celtic *bāregos.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)

#印歐詞彙 #Marici摩利支天 #Ray of light

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-11-10 15:15:41 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Muriel

Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Muireall, from muir (“sea”), from Old Irish muir, from Proto-Celtic *mori, from Proto-Indo-European *móri; + geal (“white, bright”), from Old Irish gel, from Proto-Celtic *gelos (“yellow, white”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

#印歐詞彙

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-11-14 16:16:17 (台灣)

> https://disp.cc/b/261-hNkA#:~:text=सहस्

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/power#Translations

 physical force or strength

  https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/सहस्#Sanskrit

 sahas

 (Vedic) IPA(key): /sɐ́.ɦɐs/

 (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /s̪ɐ.ɦɐs̪/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sáȷ́ʰas, from Proto-Indo-European *séǵʰos (“power, victory”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬵 (hazah), Central Kurdish هێز (hêz), Proto-Germanic *segaz (whence Middle English sige, German Sieg).
梵文 力量 印歐詞彙 勝利
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-11-15 15:01:36 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/negʷ-
Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/negʷ-

 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nókʷts
 *nokʷ-t-ew (“at night”), a parallel formation to *dy-éw (“in daytime”).

  Ancient Greek: ἀκτῑ́ς (aktī́s, “ray of light”)
 光芒 光線 古希臘文

#印歐字根 黑色 / 裸體

【按】會不會與黑人演化成白人有關？

※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-12-26 13:52:24 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-12-26 13:53:28 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-12-26 13:53:48 (台灣)
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2025-12-26 13:55:49 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viola#Latin
Related to Ancient Greek ἴον (íon, “violet”) (from ϝίον). Probably from a pre-I.E. Mediterranean substrate language. See also Middle Persian wnpšk'.
Viola 印歐字根 地中海語言層
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2026-01-04 04:38:04 (台灣)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_hair

 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auburn_hair&oldid=1328755553

Auburn hair is a human hair color, a variety of red hair, most commonly described as reddish-brown in color. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are often pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uyghur-redhead.jpg
A Uyghur child in Kashgar
東 突維吾爾人 新疆 吐火羅？ 紅頭髮 紅髮
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2026-01-05 22:39:06 (台灣)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Raz

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radix
PIE word: *wréh₂ds

Inherited from Proto-Italic *wrādīks, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds.

* (of a plant): root
* radish
* lower part of an object; root
* (figuratively) foundation, basis, ground, origin, source, root
* stock, family, race

[English] Learned borrowing from Latin rādīx (“a root”). Doublet of radish.
生物學 根部
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flumen#Latin
From fluō (“I flow”) +‎ -men (noun-forming suffix).

(Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈfɫuː.mɛn]

* a river
* Near-synonyms: fluvius, amnis
* Near-synonym: rīvus
* (poetic) flowing water; a stream, flood
* (figuratively) flow, fluency, fluidity

[English] (astronomy, geology) In planetary geology, any of the river-like features on Saturn's moon Titan.
魔王の始め方 師父ラディクス・フルーメン 印歐 拉丁文 天文學 行星地質學 像河流一樣的東西 土衛泰坦 土星 衛星
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2026-01-12 01:01:57 (台灣)
↑
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Lir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir
魔王の始め方 <br/> リル外文採用Lir → 也就是李爾王的「海」。河流匯聚能夠成為海。  
※ 編輯: Ctea 時間: 2026-01-12 01:16:17 (台灣)